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The  Tree  Doctor 


THE  CARE  OF  TREES 
AND  PLANTS 


PROFUSELY  ILLUSTRATED  WITH 
PHOTOGRAPHS 


BY 


JOHN    DAVEY 


THE  SAALFIELD   PUBLISHING   CO. 

NEW  YORK  AKRON,  OHIO  CHICAGO 


Copyright,   1907 

BY 

The  Saalfield  Publishing  Company 


MADE     BY 

THE    WERNER    COMPANy 
AKRON,    OHIO 


SPRING. 

The  snow  has  gone,  the  ice,  the  cold  ; 

In  bahny  air  the  ferns  unfold  : 

From  marshy  lands  "skunk's  cabbage"  spring; 

Birds,  just  arrived,  now  joyous  sing. 


(  vii  ) 


SUMMER. 

Hushed  hv  the  winds,  and  (:|uict  reig-ns, 
As  old  Kino-  "Sol"  the  zenith  o;ains  ; 
The  birds  all  rise  at  early  dawn  ; 
At  noon — thev  seek  some  shaded  lawn. 


(  viii  > 


AUTUMN. 

"See  the  leaves — around  ns  fallings — 
Dry  and  withered  to  the  gronnih 

Thus  to  thoughtless  mortals  calling, 
With  a  sad  and  solemn  sound." 


(  ix) 


WINTER. 

The  harvest  is  t^athered  and  the  slcioh-bclls  ring, 

Let  us  feed  all  the  poor,  as  we  merrily  sing ; 

For  who  can  be  happy  while  others  are  sad? 

There  is  no  greater  "Mission"  than  to  make  others  glad. 


(    X) 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  original  Tree  Doctor,  notwithstanding  its  crude  form, 
started  a  revokition  in  tree  cuhure  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  Since  the  first  edition  has  been  exhausted,  urgent  calls 
have  come  for  a  second.  In  answer  to  these  demands.  I  have  re- 
vised the  work  and  now  issue  it  w'ith  the  following  improve- 
ments : 

First^213  photographs,  all  of  the  finest  qualit}-. 

Second — Photographs   generally   exjjlained   by  notes   contiguous 

to  them. 
Third — Tree  surgery  described  and  illustrated  in  few  and  simple 

words. 
Fourth — "Pear  Blight"  and   other   "Blights"   not   a   disease,   but 

the  result  of  injuries,  the  source  of  disease. 
Fifth — Cause    of    "Peach    Yellows" — The    far-remo\-al    of    trees 

from  their  native  environments. 
Sixth — Grape  culture  made  simple. 
Seventh — A    splendid    collection    of    flower   photographs.     The 

way  to  grow  them. 
Eighth — Special   illustrations  of  vines.     How  to  procure   them. 
Ninth — Native    forests,      their     destruction,      the      significance, 

remedies. 
Tenth — K elation  between  trees,  birds  and  insects. 
Eleventh — Numerous  photographs  illustrating  "stifif"  and  "free" 

landscaping. 
Twelfth — Twenty  formulas  for  the  destruction  of  insects. 

This  work  is  sent  forth  with  a  fervent  prayer  for  Heaven's 
blessing  on  it,  and  an  appeal  to  all  to  help,  in  planting  and  caring 
for  trees  in  the  country  that  was  once  pre-eminently  "The  Land 
of  Forests." 

THE  AUTHOR. 

(xi  ) 


CHAPTER  I 

Interior  Structure  of  a   Tree— What  Follows   Exposure  of 
"Cell  System"  — How  Millions  of  Trees  Have  been  Ruined- 
How  Amputation  Should  be  Performed  —The  care  of  the 
Wound  -How  Nature  Builds  a  Tree— The  Possible 
Age  of  Trees  Never  yet  Demonstrated  —Destruc- 
tive Work  of  the  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Companies  -Work  of  Ignorant  "Tree  Butch- 
ers"—Blunders   Arising   from    Injudi- 
cious Planting  —  Proper  Place  to 
Plant  -  States  Should  Enact  Laws 
Authorizing  All  Cities,  Vill- 
ages and   Towns   to   put 
Trees  on  Streets  Un- 
der Supervision  of 
A  Forester. 

It  was  not  designed  by  the  all-wise  Creator  that  animals, 
plants,  or  any  living  creature  should  drag  through  life  in  a  dis- 
eased or  half-dead  condition.  Perfect  happiness  comes  from 
obedience  to  Supreme  Law.  resulting  in  what  we  call  "health.",' 
which  is  the  normal  condition  of  bodies  existing  in  harmony  with 
the  Divine  Will.  The  infant  wdio  inherits  a  sound  constitution, 
and  never  violates  the  laws  of  his  being,  enjoys,  as  a  reward,  a 
state  of  perfect  health.  There  is  not  a  mental  malady  or  bodily 
deformity  in  existence  but  has  back  of  it  an  efficient  "cause."  In 
all  my  study — in  the  sixty  years  that  I  have  been  permitted  to 
live- — I  find  that  in  the  physical  universe  ;  in  the  physical,  mental, 
moral  and  spiritual  make-up  of  man  ;  in  the  lower  animals,  and  in 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  "The  Laws  of  God  are  One."  and  no  man 
can  understand  a  tree,  shrub  or  plant  until  he  not  only  says  but 
realizes  that  (when  speaking  of  or  contemplating  a  tree),  "that 
tree  is  a  living  creature."  This  fact  will  be  discussed  further  on 
when  describing  leaves,  roots,  etc. 

The  moment  you  say  "Life."  what  do  you  imply?     All  the 

(  xiii  ) 


14 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


lavvS  lliat  go  to  make  that  life  healthy  or  unhealthy,  do  yoii  not? 
IMie  a\erage  person  has  no  clearer  conception  of  the  "Law  of 
Life"  in  a  tree  than  he  has  of  how  the  moon  performs  its  circuit. 
In  one  case  he  says,  "The  tree's  alive  ;'"  in  the  other,  "The  moon 
is  held  b\-  the  law  of  gravitation."  Hiat  seems  to  be  the  end  of 
his  explanation  and  the  extent  of  his  knowledge. 

In  Photo  1  are  seen  three  apples,  Fallawalters.     The  middle 
one  is  perfect.     Why?     From  a  healthy  tree.     Fortunately  our 


Photo  1,  Fallawalters. 

good,  everyday  commonscnse  tells  us  this  is  what  we  can  expect. 
The  one  on  either  side  (there  were  bushels  of  them  under  the 
tree)  is  diseased.  \\'hy?  Look  at  Photo  2.  How  can  30U  get 
sound  fruit  from  a  diseased  tree? 

Examine  a  leaf.  How  many  will  see  its  beauty,  saying 
nothing  of  its  utility?  Did  you  ever  stop  to  think  that  all  the 
countless  millions  of  tons  of  timber  ever  grown  were  made  in  the 
leaf?  Yes,  every  twig,  lateral  and  main  i)ranch.  tnud<,  root  and 
all  were  made  in  the  leaf.  Now  what  does  it  mean  when  you 
cut  oflf  a  live  branch?'  You  have  destroyed  both  respiration  and 
circulation. 

Attention  is  here  called  to  the  marvelous  cell  svstem  in  the 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


15 


Photo  2 
The  Bearer  of  Unsound  Fruit. 


Structure  of  the  trunk,  branches  and  twigs.  Nothing  could  be 
more  educational  than  to  turn  back  to  your  botany  and  see  how 
beautifully  this  system  is  built.  Remember,  the  upward  flow  of 
sap  is  not  under  the  bark,  where  you  see  such  a  copious  supply 
of  a  liquid  something  that  you  call  "sap  ;"  for  this  is  not  "sap," 
but  "cambium."  as  the  scientists  call  it ;  it  is  sap  that  has  been 
"worked  over,"  so  to  speak,  in  the  leaf;  it  might  be  called  "tree 
blood,"  (it  answers  to  blood  in  the  animal  body)  and  it  returns 
under  the  bark,  between  that  and  the  last  year's  new  wood,  build- 
ing another  new  layer.  Now,  bear  this  in  mind,  viz  ;  in  its  up- 
ward flow  it  is  inside,  within  the  cells  of  the  wood. 

Now.  look  at  the  hideous  wounds  in  Photos  8.  4  and  5  (and 
there  are  millions  worse  than  these.)  After  pure  sap  has  started 
from  the  roots  and  then  has  to  pass  through  this  sickening  virus, 
can  you  reasonably  expect  that  when  it  comes  to  the  factory — 


16 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


the  leaf — that   pure  "blood"  can   be   nianufaclurcd   from   impure 
material?     ^'ou  probably  had  not  thought  of  this;  but  is  it  not 


Photo  3,  A  Wounded  Tree. 

self-evident  that  perfectly  pure,  sound  fruit  cannot  be  manufac- 
tured from  polluted  material?     "fhe  lesson  is,  if  }ou  desire  pure, 


Photo  4,  A  Hideous  Wound. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


17 


sound,  wholesome  fruit,  don't  subject  your  trees  to  all  kinds  of 
fungous  and  scrofulous  diseases.  The  sap  that  goes  into  the  leaf 
is  changed  and  passes  on,  but  all  that  which  goes  into  the  fruit, 
pure  or  impure,  remains  there.  „ 

The  inflicting  of  a  wound  on  a  tree  is  neither  destructive  nor 
injurious  to  any  great  extent  if  the  structure  of  a  tree  is  under- 
stood and  the  wound  is  properly  cared  for;  but  the  ignorance  of 
tree  life,  on  the  part  of  the  so-called  "Tree  men,"  has  resulted  in 
shortening  the  existence  of  orchards  and  shade  trees  at  least 
four-fifths  of  their  natural  lives,  and  disfiguring  them  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  would  be  advantageous  to  pull  out  nine-tenths  of 
the  old  trees  and  replace  with  young  and  healthy  ones. 

In  Photo  6  you  see  how  the  farmer,  and  the  ignorant  city  or 
town  "Tree  man"  does  the  work.  They  cut  ofif,  leaving  a  stub,  as 
shown  in  the  middle  specimen.     This  had  been  cut  one  year,  and 


Photo   5 
Correctly  Cut,  but  Wound  not  Dressed. 


18 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  6 
Every  Branch  has  a  Shoulder. 


Photo  7 
A  large  Wound  that  will  Heal. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


19 


you  see  that  death  had  set  in  and  that  the  bark  had  peeled  off. 
In  a  few  years  the  stub  rots  out,  leaving  a  hole,  as  you  see  in 
the  sample  to  the  right.  In  Photo  5  you  have  a  case  where  the 
cut  was  made  right  but  the  wound  was  not  dressed.  Decay  set 
in  and  the  rot  worked  down  more  than  two  feet. 

In  every  branch  there  is  what  we  call  a  "shoulder."  It  is  a 
prominent  ridge.  To  make  it  plain  (in  Photo  6)  the  saw  has 
been  run  in  back  of  the  "shoulder,"  and  a  piece  of  paper 
laid  in.  The  proper  place  to  make  the  final  cut  is  about  an  inch 
further  out.  In  dropping  a  large  branch  it  is  well  to  cut  the 
branch  ofif  some  way  out,  to  get  rid  of  its  weight,  then  make  the 
finishing  cut  in  the  proper  place. 


Photo  8 
Tree  shown  in  Photo  7  Five  Years  Later. 


20 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  7  was  used  in  the  old  "Tree  Doctor."  It  presents 
a  large  wound,  with  little  Roy  Alarsh  standing  by  it.  Five 
years  have  elapsed  and  Roy  has  grown  taller  and  the  wound 
smaller,  as  you  see  in  Photo  8.  You  can  take  off  the  half  of  a 
tree,  or  indeed  more,  and  if  you  will  watch  the  wound  and  keep 
it  painted  it  will  heal  just  as  nicely  as  the  wounds  are  healing  in 
Photo  10.  Any  thick  paint  or  coal  tar  will  do.  The  paint  is  to 
keep  out  the  moisture  and  preserve  the  wood  until  nature  can 
close  it  over  with  a  new  growth. 

In  Photo  11  is  presented  a  case  where,  twelve  or  fifteen 
years  ago,  some  stupid  fellow  removed  two  branches  from  a 
Rhode  Island  Greening  tree,  and  left  the  wounds  unprotected. 
The  wdiole  interior  of  the  "head"  is  rotted  out  and  the  two  men 


Photo  9 
Use  Tile  to  Protect  Young  Trees. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


21 


Photo   10 
Wounds  rightly  Treated  will  Heal. 

are  shaknifj  hands  tbrdugh  the  tree,  while  "L'ncle  Sam"  (on  the 
opposite  side)  is  putting  in  a  few  cast-iron  epithets  on  the  ig- 
noramus who  ruined  the  tree. 

An  Apple  tree  should  be  in  a  good  state  of  bearing  when  two 
hundred  years  old.  In  planting  api^le  orchards,  never  take  trees 
that  have  been  "headed  back  ;"  select  the  one  with  the  "leader," 
that  is,  a  straight  stem.  Slip  over  this  a  four-inch  socket  tile, 
such  as  vou  see  in  Photo  9.  Stuff  in  some  old  burlap,  carpet  or 
any  cloth,  so  that  the  tree  will  not  become  chafed  in  the  swaying 
of  the  wind.  This  keeps  the  rabbits  from  gnawing  the  bark  and 
prevents  whiffletrees  from  "barking"  them  when  teams  are  work- 
ing amone  the  voung  trees.     About  the  time  the  tree  has  filled 


22 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


the  tile,  give  the  tile  a  tap  with  the  hammer,  and  the  young  tree 
will  be  big  enough  to  take  care  of  itself. 

In  the  eastern  states,  the  apple  orchards  are  rapidly  dying, 
killed  b\'  the  "Scale."  This  pest  multiplies  so  fast  that  they  ac- 
tually encrust  the  bark,  covering  it  up  completely,  and  suck  the 
life  of  the  tree  until  the  orchards  are  standing  dead,  as  shown 
in   FMioto  12.     This  condition  is  reported    in    practically    all    of 


Photo  11 
If  Neglected,  Wounds  will  Destroy  Trees. 

eastern  New  York,  and  I  witnessed  the  same  in  New  Jersey. 
This  seems  to  foreshadow  a  "famine"  in  the  apple  crop.  It  is 
a  matter  that  should  be  taken  up,  and  planting  done  by  a  host 
of  people  who  have  means.  Last  fall  I  had  to  pay  fifteen  cents 
a  quart  for  eating  apples  in  New  Rochelle,  N.  ^'..  and  they  were 
charging  six  dollars  a  barrel,  wholesale.  There  is  certainly  a 
fine  field  for  people  of  moderate  wealth  to  invest  in  apple 
growing. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


23 


Photo  12 
Orchard  Killed  by  "Scale." 


Photo  13 
Rathbone  Elm,  Marietta,  Ohio, 


21 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  13  presents  a  remarkably  interesting  tree.  It  is  on 
the  Rathbone  property  in  ^Marietta,  Ohio.  The  house — seen 
through  and  beneath  the  branches — looks  like  some  little  play- 
house, but  it  is  a  structure  of  more  than   ordinary   size.     The 


Photo  14 
Maple  One  Hundred  Years  Old. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


25 


spread  of  the  l^ranches  of  this  majestic  tree  is  over  one  hundred 
and  thirty  feet.  I  have  seen  but  one  Ehu  larger  than  this,  and 
that  is  near  South  Framingham,  Mass.  The  Franiingham  Ehii 
has  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  spread  of  branches,  but  it 
is  really  a  double  tree  ;  that  is,  it  divides — near  the  root — into 
two  trunks.  The  trunk  of  this  Marietta  tree  can  be  seen  in 
Photo  102.  The  tree  now  needs  a  little  attention  to  secure  it 
against  the  violent  force  of  wind-storms,  etc.,  but  otherwise  is  in 


Photo  15 
Street  beautifully  Arched. 

a  good  state  of  preservation.  "Root  treatment"  would  entirely 
renew  the  top  ;  and,  as  it  is  only  about  two  hundred  vears  old, 
there  is  no  reason  that  it  could  not  see  two  or  even  three  cen- 
turies more. 

Cn  Dec.  10th,  1904,  I  gave  a  stereopticon  lecture  at  Burling- 
ton, \'t.  Prof.  Jones,  of  the  Experiment  vStation,  was  present 
and,  at  the  close,  remarked:  'T  agree  with  you,  Mr.  Davev,  that 
the  world,  as  yet,  has  never  tested  the  possibility  of  tree  life  ;  for 


26 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


being  exogenous  in  its  structural  work,  (i.  e..  building  on  the 
outside)  it  naturally  follows  that,  could  we  control  the  top  from 
ruiniing  too  high,  endangering  the  tree  in  wind-storms,  and  re- 
new the  roots,  there  is  no  reason  that  it  would  not  go  on  and 
build  indefinitely."  I  wish  Prof.  Jones's  sentiments  could  be 
heard  the  world  over;  then,  in  time,  in  our  lawns,  instead  of 
having  a  thicket  of  brush,  we  would  have  specimens  of  majestic 


Photo  16 
Sacrificed  for  Telephone  Wires. 

trees  that  could  defy  the  storms,  and  through  whose  branches 
the  winter  winds  would  sing,  "Praise  God  from  Whom  all  bless- 
ings flow  !" 

Look  at  the  young  ]\Ia])le  in  Photo  14.  I  say  it  is  "young," 
not  quite  a  hundred  years  old.  It  stands  in  the  midst  of  a  culti- 
vated field,  and  as  yet  there  are  no  breaks  in  the  beautiful  top, 
and  if  wounds  are  prevented  and  roots  kept  active,  there  is  no 
reason  why  decav  should  attack  the  center  for  hundreds  of  vears 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


27 


Photo   17 
All  Wires  can  go  Under  these  Branches. 


to  come.  The  top  leans  a  little,  but  that  is  on  account  of  the 
prevailing  winds  from  the   south-westerly  side. 

The  Oak  should  live  to  be  a  thousand  years  of  age.  ^\'e 
have  this  fact  established  in  connection  with  the  old  estates  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  older  countries.  What  was  once  a  very 
symmetrical  \\'hite  Oak  is  shown  in  Photo  16.  In  order  to  run 
a  straight  line  for  telephone  poles,  they  slashed  right  through 
the  side,  and  then  left  the  wounds  open  to  carry  decay  to  the 
verv  center  of  this  fine  specimen — the  work  of  Xature  for  some 
seventy-five  years.  "\'andalism  !"  do  you  say?  If  we  have  no 
laws  by  which  we  can  pronounce  it  "criminal,"  we  should 
speedily  enact  such  laws  as  will  make  it  a  dastardly  "criminal" 
ofifense  to  destroy  "property"  in  such  a  way. 

If  there  were  an  occasion  for  a  telegraph  or  telephone  com- 
pany to  run  their  line  on  the  street  seen  in  Photo  15,  the  merci- 
less butchers  would  have  no  regard  for  the  beauty  therein  pre- 
sented. 


28 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Suppose  one  of  the  "wire"  companies  took  a  notion  to  run 
the  "line"  so  that  it  had  to  pass  through  the  roof  of  a  school 
house  or  the  end  of  your  residence,  and  proceeded  with  axe  and 
saw  to  demolish  the  portions  of  the  building  that  were  "in  the 
way,"  you  would  pronounce  it  "destruction  of  property,"  would 
you  not?     Are  not  these  young  ^laples  in  Photo  18  "property?" 


Photo  18 
Are  not  Trees  Property? 

Are  the  "rights"  of  this  poor  man  to  be  trampled  under  foot  be- 
cause he  has  no  monev  with  which  to  "law"  a  great  "corpora- 
tion?" All  states  should  speedily  enact  laws  to  protect  the  tree 
— as  "property." 

Hut  there  are  two  sides  to  all  questions.  A\'e  must  not  l:)e- 
come  fanatical  and  spend  our  time  "ranting."  We  desire  the 
telephone  and  the  trolley  car,  and  often  give  "the  right  of  way" 
to  procure  them,  liy  what  route  shall  they  come?  By  the 
"highway."  shall  they  not?  for  that  is  where  the  people  live. 
But  is  it  necessary  to  construct  the  line  on  the  road?  Yes,  it  is 
the  most  convenient  for  the  trollev  line — when  you  consider  that 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  29 

the  people  on  both  sides  have  to  be  accommochitech  With  tele- 
phone lines,  however,  it  is  different ;  the  i)oles  might  jnst  as  well 
be  in  the  field,  a  hundred  feet  from  fenee  and  trees.  While  it 
would  take  a  little  extra  wire  to. run  to  the  houses,  yet  there 
would  probably  be  a  saving  to  the  company,  as  their  wires  would 
not  be  endangered  by  falling  trees,  neither  would  the  current  be 
"grounded"  by  contact  wdth  the  sap  of  the  tree.  "Feed  wires" 
are  commonl}"  run  through  the  tops  of  trees  antl  occasionally  set 
fire  to  the  latter ;  and  I  have  seen  cases  wdiere  the  lineiuen  have 
notched  the  wires  where  they  come  in  contact  with  the  branch, 
so  that,  in  the  swaying  of  the  top,  some  branches  are  actually- 
sawed  and  burnt  oft' ! 

In  considering  this  dispute  between  the  people  and  the  trol- 
kv  and  telephone  companies,  there  are  many  phases  that  demand 
attention.  First,  all  kinds  of  blunders  have  been  committed  in 
the  matter  of  planting  trees.     (And  there  is  no  one  particularly 


Photo  19 
Headed  Back  in  the  Nursery. 


30 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


to  blame,  as  e\ery  one  in  planting  did  "the  best  he  knew  how.") 
The  wTong  kinds  have  been  selected  and,  almost  invariably,  in 
towns,  have  been  set  in  the  wrong  place.  Even  when  put  in  an 
improper  place,  all  trouble  might  have  been  avoided  by  gradu- 
ally carrying  the  head  of  the  tree  higher  up  by  the  removal  of 
the  lower  branches,  so  that  the  bottom  branches  are  fifteen  or 
twenty   feet   from   the   ground,    and    all     wires    go    under     the 


Photo  20 
The  Work  of  Ignorant  Tree  Men. 

branches.  See  how  nicely  this  could  be  accom]:)lished  in  the 
case  shown  in  Photo  17.  But  where  would  there  be  a  chance  to 
do  this  in  the  case  presented  in  Photo  18?  (These  are  telephone 
wires,  and  the  "line"  ought  to  be  in  the  field). 

Really,  the  situation  is  complicated  and  often  serious. 
While  the  men  who  construct  the  line  are  often  "ugly"  and 
brutal,  and  take  every  advantage  to  "get  through"  a  tree  when 
they  are  not  being  watched,  yet,  be  it  said  to  the  credit  of  some 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


31 


of  the  officials  of  the  companies,  they  do  often  "try  to  do  right," 
by  going  to  a  great  expense  in  putting  in  poles  sixty  feet  high 
or  more,  to  keep  away  from  the  trees.  ("Give  the  devil  his 
due.") 

"Well,"  says  the  practical  man.  "What's  the  remedy?" 
Answer.  In  rural  districts,  keep  the  telephones  away  from  the 
trees — out  in  the  field.  In  towns,  put  them  underground.  Trol- 
ley lines,  wdierever  it  is  practicable,    keep    under    the    branches. 


Photo  21 
As  Charming  in  Winter  as  in  Summer. 


Where  the  tree  must  be  cut,  this  work  should  be  done  by  an  ex- 
pert, holding  credentials  from  some  school,  showing  that  he  is 
capable  of  performing  such  work  so  that  there  is  the  least  dam- 
age possible  to  the  tree. 

But  the  trolley  and  linemen  are  not  doing  all  the  damage; 
no,  not  a  tenth  part  of  it ! 

Look  at  Photo  19.  These  are  voung  Xorway  Maples,  about 
twenty  years  old  and  in  perfect  health.  The  common  mistake 
that   is    made   has     been     committed     with     these.      The     lower 


32 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  22 
Cemetery  Butchered,  Huntingdon,  Pa. 

branches  are  about  seven  feet  from  the  ground.  They  were 
"headed  back"  in  the  nursery.  This  shouhl  not  be  done.  The 
"leader"  (straight  stem)  shouhl  l)e  preserved,  and  the  lower 
branches  gradually  removed  until  a  height  of  twelve  feet  is 
reached.  The  "heading  back"  might  l)e  done  at  sixteen  feet 
high,  forming  the  "head"  between  the  points  of  twelve  and  six- 
teen feet.  Then  all  the  trimming  is  practically  done  ;  hereafter 
keep  hands  off!  Nature  does  not  form  those  beautiful  and 
health-giving  tops  of  shade  trees  to  be  cut  to  pieces  to  furnish 
"beer  money"  for  a  lot  of  Tree  Fools.  See  wdiat  kind  of  work 
the  "Tree  men" — so-called — do,  as  shown  in  Photo  20.  This  is 
on  the  same  street  as  No.  19.  a  little  further  up.  Photo  21  pre- 
sents what  is  very  common  winter  scenery  in  the  communities 
where  no  professional  "Tree  man"  has  cursed,  the  place  with  his 
diabolical  presence.  The  endless  variety  of  the  tracery  of 
branches  of  trees  in  winter  is  almost  as  charming  as  their  de- 
lightful foliage  in  summer. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


33 


But  what  a  wonderful  creature  is  "Man!"  Look  at  the 
Cemetery,  Huntini;tlon.  Ta.,  Photo  22,  and  behold  what  "Man" 
can  do!  Ten  thousand  dollars  woukl  not  repair  the  damages  to 
that  beautiful  city  of  the  dead ! 

Few,  if  any,  greater  misfortunes  have  befallen  America,  in 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  than  the  coming  of  what  are  known 
as  professional  "Tree  men"  in  every  city  and  in  many  towns. 
Sometimes  his  kncnvledge  of  tree  life  is  displaved  bv  a  few  dozen 
Latin  names  of  trees,  that  he  has  found  in  some  nursery  cata- 
log, or  it  may  be  only  in  his  ability  to  swing  an  axe.  run  a  saw, 
bore  holes  in  trees  and  till  them  with  cement  and  sulphur,  (this 
is  one  of  the  "secrets")  and  make  believe  that  the  sap  will  take 
up  this  "preparation"  and  carry  it  all  over  the  tree  and  kill  every 
scale  and  bug;  plastering,  also,  the  trunks  with  other  "prepara- 
tions" and  often  killing  the  trees  thereby.  But  in  all  their  ig- 
norant and  nefarious  frauds,  nothing  equals  their  (what  ought 
to  be)  "criminal"  work  of  cutting  away  the  tops  of  trees.     The 


Photo  23 
Mutilated  with  the  Saw, 


34 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


old  State  of  Pennsylvania  has  apparently  suffered  as  much  as 
any  from  these  depredations.  Harrisbur"^.  the  capital,  has  been 
almost  completely  denuded  b}^  them.  Substantially  all  the  trees 
on  the  streets  have  been  ruined,  and  probably  the  park  trees' 
would  have  been  had  not  it  been  for  the  timely  protests  of  J. 
Horace  McFarland,  and  his  co-workers. 

Tens  of  thousands  of  what  might  have  been  good  trees  have 
been  ruined  in  Philadelphia  by  these  tree  vandals,  resulting  in 


Photo  24 
Their  Beauty  Is  Forever  Gone. 


a  lessening  of  real-estate  values  to  the  extent  of  millions  of  dol- 
lars. (  )n  giving  a  lecture,  recentlv,  in  that  city  before  the  Civic 
Club,  someone  asked,  "AA'hat  is  the  object  of  cutting  the  trees 
to  pieces  in  this  manner?"  To  which  a  lady  replied  that  she 
never  heard  l)ut  one  explanation.  This,  she  said,  was  given  in 
answer  to  the  same  question  that  she  propounded  to  a  "Con- 
tractor." This  contractor  hired  negroes,  Italians  and  cheap 
labor  on  "grading"  under  the  guise  of  "landscaping."     "^^\dl," 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


35 


saitl  lie.  "when  the  spring  opens,  our  men  feel  that  they  ought 
to  be  doing  something;"  so,  in  order  to  get  "something"  for  the 
men  to  do  he  called  on  the  good  people  and  "contracted"  for 
what  looks  like  a  small  sum  to  "treat  the  trees."  In  other  words, 
kill  them  ;  and  then  collect  a  bill  for  the  ignorant  and  wicked 
work. 

It  is  easy  to  victimize  the  people  because  there  are  so  many 
other  blunders  that  have  preceded  the  "Tree  man,"  or  have  been 
committed  bv  him. 


Photo  25 
The  Lower  Branches  are  to  Protect  the  Roots. 


Take,  for  example,  the  charming  row  of  Hard  Maples,  seen  in 
Photo  25.  Can  you  imagine  anything  more  thrilling  in  tree  life 
either  in  winter  or  summer?  They  were  set  out  some  fifty  years 
ago.  They  may  ha\e  been  five  years  old  at  the  time  of  planting, 
so  that  they  are  really  fifty-five  vears  of  age.  Following  what 
may  be  called  "the  instinct  of  tree  life,"  they  have  thrown  out 
their  first  or  lower  branches  to  shield  and  protect  the  roots. 
This  is  what  any  single  tree  will  do,  when  not  crowded  by  other 
trees.  (See  Photos  35,  66  and  85.)  The  spread  of  the  roots  is 
equal  to  the  spread  of  the  top.     In    other    words,    the    "feeder 


36 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


n-^ 


fMc, 


■^-5s- ,»: 


PW 


^■^•t*' 


Photo  26 
A  serious  Annoyance  to  Pedestrians. 

roots"  are  just  under  the  drip  of  the  branches.  Now,  as  to 
whether  the  brandies  on  a  given  tree  are  to  l^e  high  up  or  low 
down  must  be  determined  bv  the  situation  that  the  tree  is  to  oc- 
cupy. This  row  seen  in  Tlioto  "23  is  by  the  highway.  On  either 
side  the  branches  extend  some  thirty  feet.  ( )n  the  roadside  they 
reach  away  toward  the  mi(klle  of  the  highway  and  drag  on  l>uggy 
tops  and  are  pronounced  a  "nuisance."  To  cut  off  the  two  lower 
tiers  means  the  removal  of  about  one-third  of  the  top.  This  is 
a  needless  waste,  i.  e.,  if  the  trees  had  been  rightly  handled.  On 
a  street,  boulevard,  or  anv  kind  of  highway,  we  have  no  choice. 
We  must  keep  up  out  of  the  way  of  interference  with  traffic. 
Take  again  the  case  in  Photo  26.  On  this  street  was  a  row  of 
Maples  on  each  side.  The  branches  were  down  low,  not  only 
on  the  sidewalks,  as  vou  see,  interfering  with  umbrellas,  but 
drooped  equally  low  over  the  center  of  the  street,  so  that  it  was 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


37 


Photo  27 
Too  Low  for  the  Street. 

a  serious  annoyance  to  automobilists,  coachmen  and  teamsters. 
Xo  condition  could  have  been  more  favorable  to  the  growth  of 
the  tree,  because  it  had  perfect  root  protection.  But  such  ob- 
structions on  highways  cannot  be  tolerated.  The  lower 
branches  must  come  off.  This  is  where  the  surgical  skill  must 
be  applied. 

In  Photo  27  you  have  another  case  of  "too-low-down"  be- 
cause these  trees  are  on  the  street.  Those  in  front  of  the  Kent, 
Ohio,  Al.  E.  Church,  seen  in  Photo  2S.  were  formerly  down  low, 


Photo  28 
Young  Maples,  Kent,  Ohio. 


33 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  29 
Same  Trees  as  in  Photo  28  Trained  up  High. 

some  six  years  ago,  but  the  objectionable  limbs  were  taken  away, 
and  wounds  carefully  dressed  and  the  trees  are  now  in  perfect 
health,  as  can  be  seen  in  Photo  29.  This  is  now  becoming  a 
model  row  of  young  ^laples.  There  is  vearlv  some  elongation 
of  the  trunk  and,  in  a  few  seasons,  if  necessary,  a  line  of  tele 
phone  wires  can  be  run  under  the  branches. 

]\Iuch  of  the  trouble  that  we  are  encountering  to-dav  is  at' 
tributable  to  errors  and  oversights  of  the  past.  For  example, 
when  a  town  starts,  after  building  houses,  most  people  begin  to 
plan  for  trees,  vines,  etc.  In  many  of  these  young  towns  the 
future  street  lines  are  quite  indefinite.  In  most  cases  thev  have 
to  be  guessed  at.  ^^1lile  the  town  is  small  it  makes  but  little 
difference.  However,  in  those  cases  where  the  communities 
have  grown  to  considerable  size,  and  exact  lines  and  grades  have 
had  to  be  established,  it  has  often  seriously  interfered  with  the 
original  tree  planting.     It  was  a  very  common  thing  to  plant  the 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


39 


Photo  30 
Rock  Maple,  Logansport,  Pa. 

shade  trees  in  the  Httle  narrow  border  between  the  sidewalk  and 
the  street.  Where  towns  have  grown  into  cities  and  the  streets 
have  been  covered  with  asphalt,  it  has  almost  invariably  proved 
fatal  to  the  tree.  There  is  but  one  hope  of  having  good  street 
trees  in  cities  and  the  larger  towns,  and  that  is  by  every  state 
passing  enactments  empowering  such  incorporated  communities 
to  put  all  the  trees  on  the  streets  under  city  municipal  super- 
vision, just  the  same  as  the  sidewalks,  and  then  place  competent 
men  to  care  for  such  trees,  and  charge  the  costs  to  property 
owners  with  the  taxes,  like  paving  a  street,  grading  or  laying  a 
sidewalk.  It  is  useless  to  leave  it  to  the  individual,  because 
where  one  understands  the  management  of  a  tree  and  would  at- 
tend to  it,  there  are  dozens  who  neither  know  nor  care  about  the 
matter. 


This  subject    is    thoroughly    discussed    and    illu.=.trated    in    "A    NE\'\' 
ERA  JX  TREE  GROWING." 


40 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


When,  five  years  ago,  the  old  "Tree  Doctor  was  published, 
it  devoted  seven  pages  to  the  condition  of  trees  in  Cleveland. 
Ohio,  where  trees  were  in  a  deplorable  condition.  The  news- 
papers took  the  subject  up  and,  in  two  years,  the  city  petitioned 
the  State  legislature  for  a  Forestry  Commission  which  was  pro- 
vided for,  and  now  the  trees  have  improved  several  hundred 
per  cent. 

Up  to  the  time  referred  to,  (five  years  ago)  all  writers  had 
assigned  the  cause  of  the  failure  in  the  "Forest  City,"  mainly  to 
smoke.  The  "Tree  Doctor"  pointed  out  the  fact  that  the  main 
cause  was  not  in  smoke  but  in  the  soil  or  rather  no  soil  at  the 
root,  plus  a  heavy  sod  formed  on  the  lawns  by  putting  on  a  few- 
inches  of  top-soil,  thus  shutting  out  water  and  air  from  the  roots 
of  the  trees.  (The  central  part  of  Cleveland  has  nothing  but  the 
barrenest  sand.) 

To  satisfy  anyone  that  the  smoke  is  not  so  detrimental  as 


fe 

m 

■y 

^ 

■I 

/ 

^*^4 

C^V<r 

K 

m 

»«=?7- 

g#^'il 

V 

1- 

^ 

m 

^ 

,] 

Ml 

& 

14 . 

M, 

1^ 

tStm 

mm 

Ibki 

J^ 

^wju^^i 

Photo  31 
The  Lower  Branches  are  well  out  of  the  Way. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


41 


supposed.  I  call  attention  to  Photo  30.  This  is  at  the  little  sta- 
tion of  Logansport,  Pa.,  on  the  Allegheny  Valley  Railroad.  The 
tree  that  is  so  conspicuous  is  a  Rock  Maple.  It  has  grown  since 
the  railroad  was  huilt.  Not  only  does  this  tree  receive  the 
smoke  day  after  day  and  year  after  year,  but  if  you  look  farther 
up  the  track  you  will  notice  a  large  Sycamore,  hanging  directly 
over  the  main  track  ;  and  around  the  curve  is  another,  a  majestic 
Elm ;  and  right  up  into  the  foliage  of  these  over-hanging 
branches  the  heavy  locomotives  vomit  their  scalding  steam  and 
smothering  smoke,  and  yet  there  is  scarcely  any  difference  in 
the  foliage  of  these  parts  of  the  trees.  They  are  in  a  state  of 
perfect  health  because  their  root  conditions  are  right. 

To  show  how  a  tree  can  be  carried  up  and  be  out  of  the  way 
of  passing  vehicles,  you  can  learn  a  lesson  from  Photo  31.     The 


Photo  32 
Planted  Three  Feet  inside  the  Sidewalk. 


42 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


diameter  of  the  top  of  this  Ehn  is  eighty  feet.  If  it  were  situ- 
ated ten  feet  inside  of  a  road  fence,  it  would  liang  over  the  cen- 
ter of  a  sixty-foot  highway.     (See  also  Photo  19.) 

The  fine,  voung  Maple  seen  in  Photo  32  is  located,  not  on 
a  narrow  border  between  the  sidewalk  and  curbing,  but  some 
three  feet  inside  the  sidewalk,  in    the    lawn.     Its    roots    ramble 


Phcto  33 
Too  Near  the  Sidewalk. 


freely  in  the  soil  of  the  shrubbery  bed  inside,  and  pass  out 
under  the  sidewalk  to  the  gutter,  in  the  street.  Should  this 
street  be  asphalted  at  any  time,  it  could  result  in  but  little  injury 
to  the  tree. 

Photo  33  shows  two  very  thrifty  Horse-Chestnuts  standing 
in  a  row  of  privet  hedge.  Though  the  trees  are  somewhat 
young  (not  over  forty  years  old),  vet  see  how  nicelv  they  shade 
the  sidewalk.     These  should  have  been  planted  some  three  feet 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


43 


farther  within  the  lawn.  It  would  have  been  better  for  the 
trees  ;  and,  as  they  spread  out,  would  present  less  contact  with 
the  wires.  In  street  planting,  I  would  urge  consideration  of  the 
propriety  of  setting  the  shade  trees  on  the  lawn  inside  the  side- 
walk, instead  of  on  the  ordinary  narrow  strip,  set  apart  for  that 


Photo  34 
Plenty  oi  Room  Means  Individuality- 


purpose,  between  the  sidewalk  and  the  curl)stone.  I  know  the 
original  intention  of  planting  in  the  narrow  strip  was  good  ;  the 
intention  was  to  have  the  tree  shade  both  the  sidewalk  and  the 
street,  but  if  your  trees  do  not  do  well  there,  and  you  know  that 
they  seldom  do,  you  get  shade  for  neither.  One  tree,  properly 
set  and  cared  for  on  the  lawn,  will  do  more  good  than  a  half  a 
dozen  in  the  more  imfavorable  situation. 

On  narrow  streets,  limit  the  "border"  to  two  feet.     On  this 
stri]).  the  telephone  and  light  poles  can  be  set,  with  room  for  a 


u 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


nice  little  border  of  sod.  Then,  striking^  another  line,  sav  six 
feet  from  the  sidewalk,  on  the  lawn,  set  your  shade  trees  about 
twenty-five  feet  apart.  If  properly  set,  and  of  the  right  size  and 
kind,  their  branches  will  soon  come  together,  and  extend  out 
over  the  street,  as  you  see  in  Photos  33,  59  and  74.  There  is  no 
guess-work  about  this,  for  the  camera  never  lies;  it  tells  you  the 
story  faithfully,  just  as  it  is. 


Photo  35 
The  Spread  of  the  Roots  Equals  the  Spread  of  the  Top. 

We  deal  now  with  another  phase  of  the  subject.  Why  are 
the  native  woodlands  so  inexpressibly  beautiful?  AMiy  does  the 
eye  never  tire  of  looking  at  the  rugged,  scrambling  methods  (or 
rather,  no  methods)  of  wild  nature!^  Because  every  tree,  plant, 
vine,  aye  !  every  branch  of  tree  and  vine  is  free  to  go  in  the  di- 
rection where  it  can  be  the  niost  benefitted. 

Many  peoi)le  "have  eyes  and  see  not."  About  the  middle  of 
last  June  I  went  from  Pittsburg  to  Xew  York  in  daylight.  From 
Johnstown,  up  over  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  down  around  the 
"Horseshoe    Bend,"    on    to    Altoona.    and    down,    skirting    the 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


45 


Juniata  River,  to  its  conlUience  with  the  Susciuchanna,  near  to 
Harrisburg",  it  was  one  perpettial  kaleidoscopic  presentation  of 
the  endless  varieties  of  Nature's  verdant  grandeur.  r)ehind  me 
sat  two  ladies  who  had  l)ought  a  morning  paper  and  discussed, 
in  the  most  ardent  manner,  the  merits  (?)  of  a  certain  scandal. 
In  front  was  a  quartette  of  good-natured  men,  enjoying  poker 
and  the  contents  of  two  wdiisky  bottles.  Across  the  aisle  was  a 
corpulent  man  snoring  happily  in  dreamland ;  back  of  him.  a 
fine-looking  young  lady  absorbed  in  a  magazine  of  the  latest 
fashions  ;  and  so  on  throughout  the  car.  I  could  not  keep  m} 
eves  from  the  transcendent  grandeur  of  mountain,  hill  and  vale. 
Everv  time  I  glanced  at  my  fellow  travelers,  it  was  more  like 
a  dream.  It  seemed  that  it  could  not  be  that  people  pass 
through  such  a  beautiful  world  and  not  see  the  surrounding 
grandeur  wdiich  far  excels  any  picture  presented  from  the  pulpit 
of  the  glory  of  the  New  Jerusalem.  Well.  I  will  revert  to  the 
trees.  In  estates  where  there  is  an  abrmdancc  of  land,  give  the 
trees  plentv  of  room,  and  let  their  lower  branches  rest  on  the 
ground.  This  gives  the  tree  individuality  of  character.  See 
those  lovelv  specimens  in  Photos  84  and  8r>.  Idiese.  and  dozens 
of  others,  are  at  the  summer  home  of  Mr.  W.  11.  Dickerman, 
Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. 


CHAPTER  II 

The  "Crotched"  Tree-How  the  Trouble  is  Produced— Wrong 
Methods  OF  Applying  Remej)IES— The  Proper  method -How- 
to  Choose  Trees  tor  Planting -Where  to  Form  the 
Tops  —  Tree  Surgery  —  Specimens   of   Perfect 
Healing  -  Kinds  of  Trees  to   Plant  on 
Streets    -  Koots  —  Their   Action    - 
Cake  of  Roots— Destruction 
OF  Roots  by  Incompetent 
•  Landscapers." 

Photo  36  presents  some  very  healthy  Horse-Chestnut  trees. 
Do  you  see  anything  particularly  wrong  wnth  them  ?  Probably 
not.  By  the  way,  the  Horse-Chestnut  makes  a  very  fine  shade 
tree,  but  is  subject  to  the  failings  of  most  Elms,  "Soft  Maples," 
Red  Oaks  and  quite  a  few  other  trees.  The  trouble  is,  they  are 
apt  to  be  "crotchy."  Thousands  of  beautiful  Elm  trees  yearly 
go  to  pieces  from  the  force  of  the  wind  at  these  weak  points. 
Photo  37  shows  the  remains  of  an  Elm  which,  a  few  years  ago, 
would  have  been  considered  by  some  worth  thousands  of  dollars. 
Over  one  quarter  of  the  tree  was  rent  off  in  a  gale,  on  the  side 
where  the  gentleman  is  inspecting  it.  Another  huge  branch, 
higher  up  to  the  left,  came  ofif  in  the  same  storm,  while  the  re- 
mainder is  split  clear  to  the  ground  in  the  center.  How  will- 
ingly we  would  "lock  the  door  after  the  horse  is  stolen  !"  Hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  the  finest  trees  in  the  country  are  jeopar- 
dized annually  from  this  weakness.  Of  course  the  larger  the 
tree,  the  greater  the  leverage  of  the  wind  on  its  branches,  and 
those  that  are  torn  to  pieces  in  this  way  are  usually  the  most 
valuable. 

If  you  turn  back  to  the  Photo  marked  "Summer."  you 
will  be  lookmg  at  the  front  of  Mr.  Henry  M.  Flagler's  resi- 
dence, Orienta  Point,  Mamaroneck.  N.  Y.  You  will  notice 
that  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  center  of  the  house,  and  some  fifty 
46 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


47 


Photo  36 
Horse-Chestnuts  are  Apt  to  be  Crotchy. 

feet  out  from  the  building',  there  is  a  beautiful  Elm  towering  up 
and  spreading  like  a  huge  umbrella.  This  tree  was  split,  how- 
ever, in  three  places;  in  one  of  them  to  the  ground.  It  was  my 
good  pleasure  to  be  permitted  to  put  twenty  of  our  young  stu- 
dents to  work  there,  fixing  up  all  the  trees  on  the  estate.  So 
thorough  was  the  work  on  the  Elm  referred  to  that  a  wind 
would  have  to  blow  it  down  before  it  could  split  again  ;  and  so 
pleased  was  Mr.  Warren,  the  superintendent,  that  he  remarked: 
"I  consider  your  work  in  saving  this  Elm  alone  worth  all  that 
the  bill  amounts  to  on  the  whole  estate." 

In  my  lecture  work,  in  writing,  and  on  all  occasions  I  lay 
more  stress  on  the  troubles  arising  from  the  "forked"  or 
"crotched"  condition  of  trees  than  on  all  others,  because  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  orchard  and  shade  trees 
that  have  been  planted  are  weakened  from  this  source.  "What 
is  the  remedv?"     Those  applied  are  sometimes    as    bad    as    the 


Photo  37 
Ruined  by  Windstorms. 


0  ' 

* 

1 

1 

f 

1 

»t'    <'*  '"Wl   "*      il  ■*    ^ 

m 

1 

11 

::     ..-1 

In 

E 

•t 

gggy 

Photo  38 
If  Placed  Properly,  Bolts  Strengthen. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


49 


disease.  Chains  are  often  put  around  the  branches,  resulting  in 
"girdHng-."  Sometimes  iron  clamps  are  used,  with  the  same  re- 
sult. Whatever  method  is  used  it  is  safe  to  say  the  purpose  of 
the  person  was  all  right.  Undoubtedly  he  did  the  best  he  knew 
how.  If  1  can  give  some  clearer  ideas  of  the  best  methods  it 
ought  to  accomplish  much  good. 

The  bolt  should  be  used  in  preference  to  the  clamps.  "But 
where  shall  I  place  the  bolt?"  Look  at  Photo  38.  Suppose  you 
put  the  bolt  where  the  line  indicates.  What  is  the  result? 
Sometime,  it  may  be  soon  or  it  may  not  be  for  years,  a  strong 
wind  will  place  its  shoulder  on  one  or  the  other  of  the  high 
branches,  and  will  make  a  fulcrum  of  the  head  of  the  bolt ;  then 
C-R-A-C-K  !  and  away  goes  one-half  of  the  tree!  However,  a 
bolt  can  be  put  at  the  point  to  draw  it  firmly  together,  after  the 
decayed  matter  has  been  removed  and  the  proper  filling  put  in 
place. 

The  same  should  be  done  in  the  case  of  Photo  39.     But  after 


Photo  39 
A  Bolt  is  Needed. 


50  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

these  points  are  secured,  place  a  bolt  higher  up,  as  in  Photo  40; 
higher  up  still  where  the  right  hand  is  jiointing  would  be  pre- 
ferable. But  the  best  method  of  all  is  what  we  have  recently  in- 
troduced, the  hook-bolt  and  chain.  This  is  less  expensive  and 
more  effectual. 


Photo  40 
Place  Bolt  Higher  Up. 

All  who  have  trees  with  the  tendency  to  splitting  will  not 
only  save  expense  by  heading  oiT  the  danger  before  breaking, 
but  save  the  tree  itself.  Alas!  how  many  have  mourned  when  an 
old  monarch  and  friend  is  laid  low  and  gone  forever! 

Photo  42  is  a  young  Cherry  tree  ;  one  of  an  orchard  of  one 
hundred  trees,  planted  some  ten  years  ago.  Like  all  the  others, 
il  was  planted  just  as  it  came  from  the  nursery.     This,  vou  see. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


51 


was  "headed  back"  not  three  feet  from  the  ground.  Apple, 
Pear,  Peach.  Plum  trees — all  come  out  of  the  nurseries  "cut 
back"   three   or   four   feet    from    the   ground.     This  is  decidedly 


Photo  41 
The  Hook-bolt  and  Chain. 


wrong.  The  only  reason  that  the  nursery  men  assign  for  it  is, 
"People  will  not  buy  fish-poles  and  whip-stalks  ;  they  call  for  a 
tree;  that  is,  a  stalk  with  branches."  The  nurserymen  say,  "We 
know  that  you  are  right,  but  we  grow  the  stock  for  sale."     You 


52 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  42 
Heading  Back  is  Wrong. 

see  the  people  are  under  a  great  delusion  ;  their  education  is  de- 
fective. Good  people,  you  should  learn  that  in  purchasing  nurs- 
ery stock  it  is  cheaper  for  you  to  go  out  and  cut  "brush  wood" 
in  the  fence  corners  than  it  is  to  pay  twenty-five  cents  a  handful 
— extra — to  have  it  on  the  young  tree  when  it  is  brought  to  vou. 
If  you  will  call  for  a  straight  "leader,"  a  two-year  old  plant, 
standing  five  or  six  feet  high,  then  you  can  make  a  decent  tree 
out  of  it,  high  or  low — just  as  you  desire. 

Look  at  Photo  43.  1liis  is  another  young  Cherrv  tree.  I 
went  into  the  nursery  and  picked  out  this  and  some  others  for  a 
friend.  The  lower  tier  of  branches  was  removed  every  year 
until  it  was  of  the  desired  height.     There  is  not  a  "crotch"  in  it, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


58 


Photo  43 
Having  a  Straight  Leader. 

or  in  any  of  its  companions.  There  need  not  be  in  any  tree 
though  it  may  have  a  tendency  to  that  weakness.  As  a  young 
tree  grows  remove  with  the  jack-knife  all  the  branches  that  show 
signs  of  being  "forked,"  and  this  will  force  out  the  lateral  twigs 
and  form  them  into  strong  branches. 

As  to  the  height  to  form  the  "head."  that  must  be  left  to 
your  judgment.  This,  shown  in  Photo  43,  is  by  a  driveway  and 
hence  is  carried  up  fully  seven  feet  from  the  ground.  The  ulti- 
mate outcome  of  the  "crotched  tree"  is  what  you  see  in  Photo  44. 


54 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


This  was  a  fine  old  Cherry  tree — spHt  at  the  point  where  it  was 
formerly  "headed  back." 

TREE  SURGERY. 

There  is  one  law  that  is  said  to  hold  good  in  animal  life, 
namely,  "the  life  of  any  animal  is  ca])able  of  being  five  times  the 
period  of  its  maturity."  For  example,  a  horse  matures  its  size 
at  five,  and  may  be  a  fairly  good  horse  at  t\vent}-fi\e  years.  A 
neighbor  of  mine  has  one  thirty  years  old  and  he  drives  to  town 
with  it.  A  man  matures  his  body,  substantially,  at  twenty,  and 
often  lives  to  be  an  hundred  years  old.  Sometime  since.  I  photo- 
graphed a  Mrs.  Freeman,  at  Red  Bank,  Pa.,  at  the  age  of  one 
hundred  and  twelve  years.  She  had  "made  garden"  that  season, 
and  also  attended  to  "herding"  the  cow.  She  was  cpiite  bright, 
and  could  accurately  relate  all  the  incidents  of  the  early  days  of 
that  region. 


Photo  44 
Split  as  a  Result  of  Heading  Back. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


55 


The  law  in  plant  and  tree  life  is  strongly  analogous  to  the 
animal  kingdom.  An  Apple  tree  makes  a  good  size  at  forty 
years,  and  should  be  "hale  and  hearty"  at  two  hundred  years. 

Some  scientists  speak  of  the  "heart"  of  a  sound  tree  as  being 
"dead  :"  indeed  some  have  gone  so  far  as  to  call  all  the  tree 
"dead"  except  the  outer  parts.  It  seems  to  me,  however,  a  mis- 
take to  u^e  the  word  "dead"  to  designate  those  stationary 
parts.  How  can  we  apply  the  term  "dead"  to  the  center  of 
a  tree  whose  millions  of  cells  are  constantly  engaged  in  con- 
veying "live  sap"  to  the  upper  extremities  to  be  converted  into 
"tree  blood?"  (rientlemen,  can't  you  "coin"  a  better  word?* 
"Death"  is  always  associated  with  decay.  In  Photos  45 
and  46  you  surely  have  "dead"  centers.  They  have  de- 
cayed and  disappeared.  Photo  45  is  a  very  peculiarlv  in- 
teresting case.  It  is  a  Xorway  ]\Iaple,  on  the  grounds  of  Mr. 
Robt.  Pitcairn,  Ellsworth  Ave.,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  All  the  cen- 
ter was  comnletelv  decaved  and  had  to  be  taken  out ;  nothinc:  but 


Photo  45 
Norway  Maple,  Robert  Pitcairn  grounds,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


5G 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


a  shell  left  with  one  little  strip  of  live  wood,  on  one  side,  from 
which  the  new  work  of  healing  could  begin.  Photo  46  is  an  old 
Cherry  tree  of  fine  ciuality.  Nothing  but  a  shell  left.  This  is 
at  Mr.  Hollister's,  Quaker  Ridge,  Mamaroneck.  X.  Y.  \\'ithin 
is  seen  beautiful  little  Martha  HoUister,  granddaughter  of  2\Ir. 


Photo  46 
Mammoth  Cherry  Tree,  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. 

and  Mrs.  W.  R.  Dickerman.  This  tree  was  also  tilled  and  will 
heal  completely  over. 

"Tree  Surgery"  is  a  delicate  and  complicated  science,  about 
as  much  so  as  that  of  the  veterinary  or  human  surgeon.  There 
is  absolutely  no  "rule"  for  doing  the  work.  There  are  never  two 
cases  alike  ;  hence  we  have  found  it  necessary  to  "drill"  young 
men  who — otherwise — are  men  of  skill.  It  is  with  pleasure  and 
some  amount  of  honest  pride  that  we  can  call  attention  to  our 
intelligent  yoimg  men,  a  grouj)  of  whom  is  shown  in  the  frontis- 
piece. 

First  these  young  men  have  to  understand  the  vital  princi- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


57 


pies  of  tree-life.  The  next  thing  is  for  them  to  full}-  compre- 
hend the  grave  fact  that  Life  and  Death  are  eternally  at  war  with 
each  other,  and  that  the  life  energies  cannot  perform  the  work  of 
healing  while  any  of  the  death  elements  are  left  to  antagonize 
the  li\ing  forces.  Hence  all  the  dead  matter  must  be  removed. 
This,   at   times,   is   arduous   and   tedious  work,  but  the  average 


Photo  47 
Ready  for  Filling. 

}'oung  man  feels  some  degree  of  pride  when  he  can  complete  a 
piece  of  work  ready  for  "filling,"  as  vou  see  it  in  Photo  -iT.  I 
notice  from  the  papers  and  magazines  that  there  are  a  host  of 
"Tree  Doctors"  springing  up  over  the  land.  These  are  probably 
the  most  reputable  portion  of  the  old  "Tree  men"  who,  formerly, 
murdered  millions  of  trees.  However,  we  should  encourage  a 
"conversion"  wherever  a  man  "turneth  away  from  his  wicked- 
ness and  doeth  that  which  is  lawful  and  right."  I  regret  to  say. 
however,  that  so  far  I  have  not  seen  a  single  piece  of  their  cement 


58 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  48 
The  work  Completed. 

work  that  has  been  done  in  such  a  way  that  no  moisture  can  pos- 
sibly get  behind  the  cement.  If  water  is  allowed  to  get  in,  it 
would  be  ten  to  one  better  not  to  have  "filled  ;"  for  the  decay  is 
intensified  tenfold  by  having  the  moisture  shut  in  and  the  air 
excluded.  Photo  48  is  the  same  rubject  as  47.  No  two  teams 
of  horses  could  pull  the  material  out.  This  tree  is  on  Mr.  Wm. 
Rockefeller's  estate,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.  The  trouble  was  caused 
by  a  large  branch  l)lowing  ofl^.  ^How  very  important  it  is  to 
"prevent"  those  "crotched"  branches  from  splitting  and  causing 
such  mischief  and  expense.  Remember  the  "stitch  in  time." 
The  tree,  shown  in  four  consecutive  stages,  is  situated  in 
the  rear  of  the  school  house,  Sewickley,  Pa.  Tt  was  ordered  re- 
paired by  the  borough  School  Board,  and  cost  about  sixty  dol- 
lars. It  was  described  a  vear  ago  in  print  as  "Th.e  Maple  and 
the  Man."  It  may  live  for  hundreds  of  years.  It  took  some 
three  tons  of  material  to  fill  the  large  cavity.  Photo  50  shows 
what  a  beautiful  specimen  it  is. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


59 


Photo  49 

The  Maple  in  its  Diseased  State. 


THE  MAPLE  AND  THE  MAN. 

The  Maple. 

Lo  !  here  I've  stood,  in  silence  deep, 

Through   winter's  storm   and   summer's  heat 

The  school  house  bell  and   children's  cheers 

I've  heard  f(^r  nearlv  fifty  years. 

I've  called  on  teachers,  passers-by, 

But  none,  it  seemed,  could  hear  mv  crv ; 


60 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


I've  hailed  the  children,  youth  and  age, 

The  man  of  "rank,"  the  priest,  the  sage; 

I've  shown  my  wounds  to  great  and  small, 

But  all  declined  to  heed  my  call ; 

Or,  peradventure,  such  may  be. 

They  did  not  comprehend  a  tree  ! 

But  think,  because  I'm  free  from  strife, 

I'm  not  endowed  with  force  or  life, 

And  need  no  care  or  human  thought, 

'Mid  winter's  blasts  and  days  so  hot ! 


Photo  50 
The  Maple  with  Decayed  Center  partly  Removed. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


61 


I  welcome  thee!  (Jli.  "Alan  of  Trees." 
Thy  fame  shall  spread  upon  the  breeze: 
When  millionaires  shall  be  forgot, 
And  all  the  honors  they  have  sought 
Have  passed  into  oblivion's  gloom, 
A.nd  fortunes  met  their  fitful  doom, 
The  noble  trees  of  forest  fair. 
The  apple  tree,  the  plum,  the  pear, 
The  copse  and  grove  of  every  clime. 
Shall  raise  their  praise  to  Him — Divine- 


Photo  51 
The  Maple  Filled  and  Finished. 


62  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Who's  heard  our  cries  in  Heaven  above 
And  manifests  a  father-love, 
And  sends  redemption  full  and  free 
For  every  plant,  and  shrub,  and  tree. 

The  Man. 

Thy  prayers  are  heard,  oh  beauteous  tree! 

And  soon  will  spread  from  sea  to  sea  ; 

Though  starless  was  thy  night  of  gloom, 

Thy  light  shall  shine  as  bright  as  noon. 

Thou  pleadest  well  for  all  thy  kind  ; 

Thy  prayers  are  heard  by  highest  mind. 

Be  calm  and  do  not  think  us  "rough" 

As  we  remove  this  odious  stuff; 

For  life  and  death  at  war  will  be, 

Alike  in  man  or  beast  or  tree  ; 

These  hideous  wounds  !  this  rotten  wood, 

Is  "home"  for  bugs  and  makes  them  food. 

"Ouch!"  did  }()u  say?  well,  do  not  flinch, 

We  mu\e  this  virus  inch  b_\-  inch  ; 

A\'ith  mallet,  chisel,  drill  and  saw, 

We  clear  the  way  for  Nature's  law 

To  reconstruct  and  build  it  strong — 

A  body  that  will  last  you  long — 

And  teach  the  world  what  all  should  know 

Trees  must  have  care  or  cannot  grow  ; 

They  cannot  heal  while  DEATH  is  hid 

In  body,  root,  or  branch,  or  twig. 

So  now  stand  forth  and  shout  thv  call, 

And  show  to  youth  and  age  and  all 

The  "law  of  life"  is  much  the  same 

In  beast  or  bird,  or  tree  or  man. 

A\'ith  careful  process,  day  by  day. 

We've  taken  all  dead  parts  away. 

Just  as  a  dental  surgeon — wise — 

We  clean  the  tree  before  your  eyes. 

We  use  no  "liquid,"  "wash"  nor  "soap," 

Nor  any  kind  of  secret  "dope," 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


63 


Photo  52 
The  Maple  after  Treatment,  with  some  300  School  Children. 

But  clean  the  tree  of  "scale"  and  rot, 
And  give  the  aid  it  long  has  sought ; 
Yes,  "sought"  bv  mute  appeal  to  all, 
Although  they  did  not  hear  the  call. 
"Tree  life"  but  few  could  understand  ; 
But,   lo !   they  wake   throughout   the   land. 
Aye!  with  love  and  zeal,  unique,  sublime! 
Inquiries  come  from  every  clime! 
From  South,  beneath  the  torrid  heat. 
From  frozen  North,  so  cold,  so  bleak ! 


64  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Around  the  world,  upon  the  breeze, 

Goes  forth  the  call  to  "'save  our  trees!" 

This  call  at  once  we  all  should  heed, 

And  give  the  trees  the  care  they  need  ; 

Not   "medicines"   from    "quacks"   and    "fakes," 

But  commonsense  is  all  it  takes. 

Combined  with  knowledge  of  a  tree, 

With  "ears  to  hear"  and  "eyes  to  see" 

When  troubles  rise  and  where  it  leads, 

And  head  them  off  by  careful  deeds. 

The  Maple. 

Praise  Him,  ye  morning  stars  of  light! 

And  all  }e  sparkling  hosts  of  night ! 

Praise  Him,  ye  glorious,  shining  sun  ! 

Praise  Him,  ye  moon,  eacli  course  ye  run  ! 

Praise  Him.  ye  winds  and  silent  dews! 

Praise  Him,  ye  "sparks."  that  "flash  the  news!' 

Praise  Him.  ye  frost  and  spotless  snow! 

Praise  Him,  Oh.  man!  where'er  you  go! 

Xow  sing,  ye  children,  one  and  all, 

For  God,  at  last,  has  heard  my  call ; 

Xo  longer,  now,  I  feel  forlorn. 

But  ready  am  to  face  the  storm ! 

^^'ill  break  the  winter's  furious  blast 

While  vou  recite  or  sing  in  class; 

Will  give  you  shade  and  keep  you  cool, 

Pn  "recess"  of  the  summer's  school: 

One  hundred  years  PlI  faithful  be. 

To  tell  "The  Stor}-  of  the  Tree." 

Whose  life  the  "Board"  has  tried  to  save. 

And  keep  me  from  a  \-outhful  grave. 

Go  forth,  ye  children,  shout  and  sing, 

And  send  your  praise  upon  the  wing 

Of  winds,  or  on  the  rays  of  dawn  ; 

And  e'er  the  shades  of  night  have  drawn 

Let   praise   arise   to   Him — Divine — 

A\Miile  earth  revolves  and  stars  shall  shine. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


65 


Photo  53  presents  a  case  which  would  have  been  quite  a  sur- 
prise to  most  people.  It  is  a  g-ood-sized  Hickory  tree,  on  the  es- 
tate of  Mr.  Will.  Rockefeller,  Tarry  town.  X.  Y.  The  top  of  the 
tree  showed  signs  of  failing.  I'o  a  person  not  accpiainted  with 
"tree  troubles"  there  was  no  visible  cause  fc^r  the  dving  condi- 
tion. It  took  but  little  time,  however,  to  locate  the  cause  of 
"twig  failure."  It  was  found  at  the  base  of  the  trunk.  Dead 
bark  on  one  side  was  the  first  "pointer."  Following  this  "lead" 
the  discovery  was  what  you  can  see  for  yourself  in  the  photo- 
graph :  the  whole  center  of  the  tree  dead  and  had  to  be  removed. 

One  of  the  things  of  interest  in  this  work  is  the  amazing 
numbers  of  "live  critters"  that  are  found  in  these  portions  of  a 
diseased  tree.  It  sounds  almost  paradoxical  to  say  that  a  "dead" 
trunk  is  "alive"  with  borers,  grubs,  beetles,  ants  and  all  kinds  of 
creeping  things.  Yet  a  moment's  reflection  satisfies  one  that 
this  is  the  natural  order  of  afi:airs.     Every  living  thing  feeds  on 


Photo  53 
Hickory  Tree,  Wm.  Rockefeller  estate,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. 

5 


66 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


death.  There  is  a  most  beautiful  economy  iu  all  the  arrange- 
ment of  Xature.  As  soon  as  any  one  creature  succumbs  to 
death,  there  are  other  creatures  to  prey  upon  it  and  hasten  its 
dissolution  into  the  primary  elements,  so  that  it  can  be  worked 
over  and  put  into  some  other  form.  To  our  senses  there  is  a 
strong  aversion  to  the  decay  that  follows  death.  We  may  pity 
a  diseased  tree,  but  we  certainly  cannot  admire  it.     Cut  how 


Photo  54 
Cross  Section  of  an  Elm. 


doubly  interesting  it  is  when  we  realize  that  we  can  remove  the 
decay  from  an  old  forest  friend,  heal  its  wounds  and  restore  it 
to  health  and  the  charm  of  its  youth  ! 

The  Chestnut  in  Photo  55  was  filled  three  years  ago,  as  was 
also  the  Red  Oak,  shown  in  Photo  ~y(i.  See  how  nicely  the  new 
lines  are  forming.  There  are  a  few  cracks  in  the  "filling,"  and 
these  cannot  be  avoided,  as  the  swaying  of  the  tree  in  the  wind 
will  make  some  "elbows"  in  the  most  convenient  places.  These 
cracks  should  be  frequently  painted  to  prevent  water  entering 
and  getting  behind   the  cement.     The  thick  paint   found   in   the 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


67 


bottom  of  old  paint  buckets  is  just  the  thing  to  work  into  the 
crevices. 

Photo  5-1  teaches   a  wonderful   lesson.     How   noblv   nature 


Photo  55 
New  Lines  Forming  around  Filling. 

had  struggled  to  repair  the  damage  done  to  this  tree!  Disease 
had  attacked  and  eaten  away  its  whole  center.  This,  as  you  will 
see,  is  a  cross  section  of  an  Elm  tree.  See  how  eagerly  Nature — 
unaided — has  struggled,  arching  and  curving,  to  straighten  the 


68 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  56 

Keep  Cracks  of  Filling  well  Painted. 

weakened  point !  To  a  sympathetic  person  this  is  pathetic.  It 
started  to  make  repairs  at  the  point  where  you  see  two  bits  of 
paper  tacked  on,  and.  by  actual  measurement  with  the  tape,  it 
has  built  enough  new  growth  to  haye  coyered  the  wounded  parts 
more  than  three  times.  Is  not  this,  though  mute,  a  pathetic  ap- 
peal for  "help?"  Suppose,  some  twenty  years  ago.  the  decayed 
matter  had  been  removed  and  a  filling  properly  put  in,  it  would 
have  progressed  in  the  "healing  art,"  as  you  see  in  the  several 
cases  herein  shown,  and  notably  in  that  presented  in  Photo  57, 
and  would  have  closed,  as  seen  in  Photo  58. 

Good  people,  I  would  not  advise  you  to  spend  money  on  all 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


69 


old  trees,  but  there  may  be  some,  situated  where  they  are  of  con- 
siderable value,  or  connected  with  some  tender  associations  of 
earlier  days,  that  might  justify  the  expense,  though  sometimes  a 
bill  may  run  high  on  a  work  of  this  kind.  Suppose,  for  example, 
that  the  expense  on  a  certain  tree  would  be  one  hundred  dollars, 
and  the  work — skillfully  done — would  restore  the  beauty  of  the 
tree  and  prolong-  its  life  for  hundreds  of  years?  Then,  financi- 
ally considered,  the  investment  would  be  a  g^ood  one.  Two 
years  ago,  J.  Horace  McFarland,  President  of  the  American 
Civic  Societies,  wrote  me  that  Prof.  Sargent,  of  the  Arboretum, 
of  Boston,  had  condemned  "cement  in  trees."  W'hen  in  Boston, 
I  went  into  the  parks  and  found  that  the  professor  was  justified 


Photo  57 
When  Properly  Filled,  all  Trees  will  Heal. 


70 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  58 
This  Wound  has  nearly  Closed. 


Photo  59 
A  few  Years  will  Complete  the  Arch. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


71 


in  making  the  condemnation  (for  I  suppose  he  formed  his  opin- 
ion from  what  he  saw.)  Any  boy  of  ten  could  have  done  the 
work  as  well.  The  professor,  however,  will  undoubtedly  be 
pleased  to  learn  that  "cement  work"  is  O.  K.  when  the  work  is 
properly  done,  as  proven  by  the  camera,  in  the  photos  herein 
presented. 

In   Photo  59  are  presented  four  beautiful   specimens  of  the 
Rock  Maple.  Three  years  ago  some  ten  wagon  loads  of  dead  wood 


Photo  60 

Bridge  grafting  a  large  wound  after  removing  a  branch.     Young  grow- 
ing   twigs    with    wedge-shaped    ends    are    inserted    in    spring,    and 
waxed,  as  in  ordinary  grafting.     They  will  eventually  unite. 

were  taken  out  of  the  tops.  Two  of  them  were  badly  "crotched," 
one  of  them  being  split  clear  to  the  ground.  They  were  "fixed 
up  generally"  and  to-day  the  property  is  at  least  a  thousand  dol- 
lars more  valuable  than  it  would  have  been  without  the  service. 
As  to  whether  "tree  doctoring"  pays,  it  depends  entirely  on 
whether  the  work  is  rightly  done.  I  regret  that  many  things 
go  into  print  that  are  misleading.  I  reproduce  here  two  photos 
from  "The  Window  Gardener's  Complete  Manual"  for  January, 
1907.  Both  photos  have  under  them  the  exact  reading  that  ap- 
peared in  the  Magazine.  Photo  60,  as  you  see.  explains  "bridge 
grafting."     This   is  an  ancient   practice,  hundreds  of  years  old. 


72 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


It  is  used  to  "bridge  over"  the  cambium,  where  a  young  tree  has 
been  "girdled"  by  rabbits,  or  from  any  other  cause.  These 
scions,  as  shown  in  the  photo,  will  grow,  if  the  work  is  properly 
executed.  But  what  of  that?  It  is  a  needless  expense;  for  if 
the  wound  be  properly  dressed  and  "capped"  and  kept  pamted 
to  keep  out  moisture,  that  is  all  that  is  required.  Though  a 
needless  expense,  in  this  application,  it  is  a  practice  worth  know- 
ing so  that  it  can  be  used  in  cases  of  "girdling,"  etc.  Photo  61 
is,  to  use  a  slang  phrase,  a  "corker."  It  shows  either  the  utter 
lack  of  knowledge  of  tree  life  on  the  part  of  the  writer,  or  a  woe- 
ful absence  of  observation.  Drive  a  chisel  through  the  bark  of 
a  tree  and  pry  it  up,  and  it  would  be  possible  for  the  bark  to  re- 
unite, if  it  were  bound  back  tight  and  all  air  excluded.  The  bark 
might  be  perfectly  connected  abo\e  and  below  but  if  the  least  air 
were  admitted  the  bark  would  dry  up  and  a  new  growth  form 
under  it.     If  Mr.  Watson,  the  writer  of  said  article,  will  perform 


Photo  61 

Covering  a  big  wound  with  new  bark.     Instead  of  waiting  years  for  the 
bark  to  close  over;  strips  are  cleft  grafted. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


73 


Photo  62 
Hard  Maple  with  large,  brushy  Top. 

a  piece  of  bark  grafting,  and  put  it  in  charge  of  a  committee  ap- 
pointed by  a  Florist's  Club  or  Horticultural  Society,  and  if.  at 
the  end  of  six  months  there  can  be  any  life  found  in  the  grafted 
bark  we  will  say  with  Bill  Xye  :  "The  'coming  man"  has  arived," 
and  we  will  give  due  credit  to  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  for  intro- 
ducing- "Eliiah,  the  Third!" 


WHAT  KIND  OF  TREES  FOR  STREETS? 

Not  long  ago  I  read  a  report  of  a  superintendent  of  parks 
in  which  he  recommended  thirty-seven  varieties  of  trees  for 
street  planting;  all  of  them  had  some  merits. 

I  aim  to  benefit  the   American  people  by  pointing  out  the 


74 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


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Photo  63,  A  young  Giant. 

cause  of  the  premature  death  of  mihious  of  trees  and  to  suggest 
the  simplest  methods  of  rectifying  the  mistakes. 

To  get  an  answer  to  the  question  "What  kind  of  trees  for 
streets?"  we  should  first  settle  in  our  minds  what  is  the  purpose 
of  street  planting.  Ask  the  first  man  you  meet,  and  he  prob- 
ably will  say  "shade;"  then  ask  the  next,  and  inquire  of  all  the 

Those  interested  in  shading  the  streets  of  cities  should  read  "A 
NEW  ERA  IN  TREE  GROWING."  This  shows  how  to  shade  the 
streets  of  New  York  witli  perfectly  healthy  trees.  I  spent  a  week  in 
that  city  examining  the  conditions  leading  to  the  failures,  and  have  given 
the  results  of  my  investigations.  To  save  going  over  the  same  ground 
m  the  present  work,  I  refer  all  interested  in  good  trees  on  city  streets 
of  "A  NEW  ERA  IN  TREE  GROWING." 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


75 


women  and  children,  and  the  probabilities  are,  all  will  give  you 
the  answer,  "s-h-a-d-e!"  Of  course  there  are  other  con- 
siderations with  some  people  ;  but,  for  the  street,  "shade"  is  the 
first  consideration. 

\\'ith  all  the  chances  of  observation  that  1  have  had,  I  am 
convinced  that  there  is  no  tree  so  well  adapted  for  narrow  or 
medium  width  streets  as  the  Xorway  Maple.  It  is  commonly 
supposed  that  it  "heads"  low  down.  It  does,  but  it  is  not  neces- 
sary that  it  should.  I  have  seen  fine  specimens  with  a  bole 
(trunk)  of  twenty  feet  before  there  was  a  single  branch.  Don't 
be  deceived  wdien  you  purchase  the  trees.  The  Sycamore  Alaple 
strongly  resembles  the  Xorway.  but  is  "crotchy"  and  the  wood 
is  brittle.  The  Norway,  however,  has  tough  wood  and  strong 
lateral  arms  wdiich  seldom  ever  break.  It  has  a  very  heavy,  dark 
green  foliage,  and  is  as  near  "bug-proof"  as  any.  See  the  fine 
specimen  back  of  the  telephone  pole  in  Photo  74. 


Photo  64 
A  "Hard"  or  "Sugar"  Maple. 


7fl  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Next  to  the  Norway  Maple,  I  would  suggest  the  far-famed 
American  Elm,  particularly  for  wider  streets.  Saying  nothing 
of  the  possibility  of  age  and  size  of  this  majestic  tree,  is  there 
anything  more  desirable  than  the  charm  and  grace  of  what  is 
seen  in  Photo  17?  The  Elm  will  adapt  itself  to  a  greater  variety 
of  soils  than  any  tree  that  I  am  accjuainted  with.  It  will  thrive 
in  sand,  gravel  or  clay,  provided  it  can  obtain  sufficient  moisture. 

"What  about  the  Hard  INIaples?"  Charming,  glorious!  if 
they  can  be  properly  treated.  Maples  generally  are  spoken  of 
as  "Hard"  or  "Soft"  Maples.  In  speaking  of  the  different  va- 
rieties of  "Hard"  Maples,  T  will  omit  the  names  and  let  the 
camera  show  some  difference  in  type.  The  large,  brushy-top 
tree  in  Photo  62  is  a  "Hard"  or  "Sugar"  Maple;  so  is  that  in 
63,  and  also  in  64.  The  character  of  each  one  is  quite  marked, 
but  the  most  desirable  type  is  that  in  63.  Look  at  its  firm,  lateral 
arms.  A  veritable  voung  giant,  standing  there  ready  to  grapple 
with  the  fiercest  gales ! 

Next  in  order  I  would  suggest  the  Sycamore.  The  .\meri- 
oan  variety  is  hardy,  adapts  itself  to  almost  any  kind  of  soil,  is 
attacked  but  little  by  insect  pests,  and  is  one  of  the  strongest 
built  trees  we  have.  It  seldom  ever  has  a  "crotch,"  but  pro- 
duces strong  lateral  arms,  attached  to  the  bole  with  a  very  firm 
"shoulder."  The  European  variety  ("Plane  Tree")  is,  perhaps, 
a  handsomer  tree  than  the  native  variety.  The  "Pin  Oak"  has 
recently  gained  great  notoriety.  It  is  a  magnificent  tree  and 
grows  to  a  large  size.  If  you  introduce  these  into  your  commun- 
ity, see  that  the  local  "Tree  man'"  is  banished  or  imprisoned  be- 
fore you  plant  them,  or  he  will  "whack"  the  tops  off,  destroying 
the  "leader"  and  ruin  the  tree  as  he  did  in  Photo  65. 

The  "White  Oak!"  How  majestic!  Don't  plant  the  Lin- 
dens and  "Soft"  Maples  on  streets,  thcv  are  too  frail ;  nor  the 
drooping  Linden  ("Lime  Tree").  How  beautiful  they  are! 
Just  the  thing  on  a  lawn  or  in  a  park,  with  branches  drooping 
quite  on  the  ground.  See  Photos  34  and  88.  These  are  very 
"crotchy."  and  I  never  saw  a  large  one  (in  this  country)  that 
had  not  been  injured  by  the  wind. 

"Carolina  Poplar?"  Oh,  don't  ever  mention  it  unless  it  be 
to  plant  around  your  barnyard ! 

I  have  mentioned  a  few  of  the  verv  best  trees  suitable  for 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


77 


street  planting;.  Add  others,  if  you  desire,  such  as  the  Horse- 
Chestnut;  or  better  still  the  American  "Buckeye."  They  look- 
very  much  alike,  but  the  leaf  of  the  P.uckeye  is  smaller,  and  the 
wood  touo-h.  and  the  tree  stronoly  built.  The  Liquid  Amber,  or 
Sweet  Gum  tree  is  a  very  good  one.     The  Ash  is  prettv  but  not 


Photo  65 
With  Top  Gone,  the  Tree  is  Destroyed. 

desirable   for   the   street.     I   often   see   Mulberries.   June-berries, 
and  the  like  planted  on  the  street.     It  is  no  place  for  them. 

"^^'hat  distance  apart  should  street  trees  be  planted?"  That 
depends  on  the  kind  of  tree,  width  of  the  street,  character  of  the 
soil,  etc.  Xever  closer  than  twenty-five  feet.  If  the  street  be 
wide  and  the  soil  good,  plant  from  thirty  to  sixty  feet  apart. 
Does  that  astonish  you?  Well,  just  take  a  look  at  the  "big- 
Elms"  in  Xew  Haven  and  Hartford.  Conn.,  and  at  Framingham. 
IMass..  and  scores  of  other  Xew  England  towns.    Those  early  set- 


78 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  66 
Hcrse-Chestnut,  W.  B.  Dickerman  estate,  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. 

tiers  knew  the  character  of  trees,  and  "spaced"  them  correctly  to 
bring  the  best  results.  I  often  see  ten  trees  where  there  should 
be  only  one,  and  this  is  particularly  true  in  lawns  and  private 
grounds.  It  is  all  right  to  plant  thick  if  you  desire  to  "group" 
or  "clump"  them,  with  a  view  to  producing  woodland  effects, 
or  shutting  off  unsightly  objects,  etc. 

]]ut  look  at  the  Horse-Chestnut,  in  IMioto  66.  This  is  on 
the  grounds  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  P..  Dickerman,  ^Mamaroneck, 
N.  Y.  These  wise  people  have  preserved  about  all  the  trees  on 
the  spacious  lawn  in  this  charming  condition.  "Johnny  darey," 
who  is  seen  with  his  old  friend  "Deak,"  takes  great  i)ride  in  pre- 
serving those  beautiful  si)ecimens  in  accord  with  the  wishes  of 
the  proprietors. 

To  avoid  too  thick  planting,  you  must  use  your  own  judg- 
ment. Commonly,  in  purchasing  a  bill  of  plants,  the  person  takes 
the  advice  of  the  man  with  the  big  book  of  cuts ;  and  he.  in 
order  to  sell,  proceeds  to  tell  all  the  lies  in  his  note-bok.  jdus  all 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


79 


that  are  known  to  the  hustHng  tree  agent  profession.  Can  you 
blame  him?  As  the  Quaker  said,  he  is  'booking  after  his  end  of 
the  bargain  ;  but  thee  shouldst  look  after  thine." 

When  the  trees  are  allowed  to  grow  with  the  branches  rest- 
ing on  the  ground,  it  produces  conditions  for  the  perfect  health 
of  the  tree.  It  destroys  all  sod  and  other  vegetable  growth,  and 
millions  of  "feeders"  are  formed  near  the  surface.  Look  at 
Photo  67.  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  lot  of  little  bits  of  sticks 
lying  on  the  ground,  but  these  are  roots;  they  have  grown  there 
because  the  moisture  is  formed  there — on  hot  days — from  con- 
densation. The  air,  also,  freely  circulates  among  them,  keeping 
the  roots  in  a  state  of  good  health.  It  is  late  spring  and  the 
buds  are  unfolding,  and  you  can  see  where  the  tips  of  the 
branches  hang;  the  sod  is  formed  out  beyond  that.  There  is 
nothing  more  interesting  in  the  whole  study  of  tree  life  than  the 
conduct  of  the  roots. 


Photo  67 
A  Condition  for  perfect  Health. 


80 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


In  Photo  H(S  you  have  the  view  of  a  very  line  Hickory  tree. 
There  is  something-  very  commanchng'  and  ex])ressive  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  this  individual,  and  it  is  more  so  when  you  approach 
it  and  find  that,  to  all  appearances,  it  is  j^rowing  right  out  of  a 
huge  rock.  Photo  69  shows  you  the  base  of  the  tree.  A  tree 
has  a  something  almost  analogous  to  consciousness.     The  nut 


Photo  68 
Hickory  Tree  growing  on  Huge  Rock. 

dropped  down  in  the  crevice  germinated,  and  the  little  "feeders" 
reached  out  after  the  tin}'  drops  of  water  that  were  condensed 
by  the  rock  on  hot  days.  Then  they  hid  themselves  under  the 
decaying  leaves  and  dust.  Silentlv  thcv  crept  down,  down,  till 
they  got  out  among  the  fragments  of  the  rocks.  Xow,  if  you 
draw  on  your  imagination,  you  can  almost  hear  the  little  twigs 
shout,  "All  right  below?"  To  which  the  answer  is  given  by  the 
"working  roots,"  "O.  K.  below;  we  will  mine  for  raw  material 
here  and  send  it  up,  and  you  mind  your  knitting  uj)  there,  manu- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


81 


facture  the  canibiuni  and  hustle  it  down  for  our  support."  Thus 
the  two  extremities  have  co-operated  and  constructed  an  object 
of  utility  and  beauty. 

One  of  the  commonest  mistakes  is  made  b}-  being  too  much 
in  a  burr}',  and  insisting  on  having  big  trees  planted.  Now  don't 
understand    me    as    saying    that    large    trees    cannot  be  moved. 


Photo  69 
Base  of  Hickory  Tree. 

for  they  can,  and  the  work  can  be  done  with  perfect  success,  pro- 
vided you  save  the  "feeding  roots;"  but  to  do  this  often  involves 
big  expense,  more  than  most  people  are  willing  to  pay  ;  but  there 
are  any  number  of  "Tree  men"  hungry  for  a  job  wdio  will  under- 
take such  work  at  figures  which  are  utterly  impossible  and  do  it 
right.  Thev  "slight  the  w^ork  to  save  theiuselves."  This  is 
wrong  all  around.  I  see  hundreds  of  trees  every  summer  stand- 
ing dead  that  have  been  moved  and  "guaranteed"  to  live. 

If  you  will  thrust  a  spade  down  into  the  ground,  ju.st  under 
the  tips  of  the  branches,  you  will  find  large  quantities  of  fibrous 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  70 
Usual  Method  of  Transplanting. 


Photo  71 
Dead  Branches  Show  the  Result. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


83 


roots.  "Are  these  the  feeders?"  Xo.  but  the  little  feeding 
'"hair  roots"  are  situated  on  these.  They  are  usually  so  small 
that  it  takes  a  microscope  to  see  them.  All  nourishment  must 
be  gathered  by  these  faithful  little  "workers."  These,  as  all 
know  who  know  anything  about  tree  life,  are  scattered  all  over 
the  ends  of  the  roots.  To  insure  success,  enough  of  the  small 
rootlets  must  be  procured  to  furnish  the  "raw  material"  for  the 
tree  or  it  will  languish,  dry  up  and  die.  Suppose  you  were  going 
to  niove  one  of  Mr.  I'rench's  I'each  trees,  seen  in  Photo  92.  It 
could  be  done,  but  how^  do  you  proceed  to  figure?  Well,  let's 
see  ;  the  diameter  of  the  top  is  about  sixteen  feet.  That  is  prac- 
ticall}'  what  the  spread  of  the  roots  is,  (they  really  run  out  much 
farther.)      Now  to  make  sure  of  perfect  success,  you  would  throw 


Photo  72 
The  Bark  finally  Peels  off. 


84 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


a  line  around  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  measure  off  ei.c:lit  feet  and 
draw  a  circle  sixteen  feet  in  diameter,  work  under  the  roots,  lift 
and  move  the  tree  into  a  hole,  say  eighteen  feet  in  diameter.  Do 
the  "Tree  men"  proceed  in  that  way?  Not  many  of  them.  If  they 
dig  at  a  distance  of  three  feet  from  the  tree,  giving  a  six-foot  root 
spread,  they  think  they  are  doing  a  great  thing.  But  they  thus 
destroy  at  least  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  "feeders." 


Photo  73 
Use  Small  Trees  for  Planting. 


Photo  70  gives  a  view  of  how  the  work  is  usuallv  done. 
Nine-tenths  of  the  large  trees  that  T  have  seen  transplanted  are 
practically  grubbed  out.  A  couple  vcars  later  you  can  pull  them 
out  of  the  ground  in  a  conditiou  much  as  the  one  the  group  are 
inspecting.  When  the  "feeders"  are  left  behind,  what  part  of  the 
tree  is  the  first  to  sufifer?  The  central  portion.  The  chunk  of 
a  branch  lying  on  the  stand,  iu  Photo  71.  shows  how  it  becomes 
affected.  Dead  twigs  over  and  through  the  top  tell  the  story  of 
its  sad  fate.  A  tree  thus  abused,  with  only  a  tenth  to  a  fiftieth 
enough  moisture  su]i]die(l.  cannot  stind  the  hot  flays  of  July  and 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


85 


Aug:ust.  and  the  bark  dries  up  on  the  side  toward  the  hottest  sun, 
and  finally  peels  off,  as  you  see  in  Photo  72.  But  look  how  the 
poor  creature  has  worked  and  plodded,  all  alone,  with  no  one  to 
pity  but  the  eyes  of  the  Infinite,  to  try  to  liye!  Oh,  mar- 
velous soniethins:  that  we  call  "Life!"     So  tenacious  of  life  are 


Photo  74 
The  Norway  Maple  Is  as  near  Bug-Proof  as  any  Tree. 

these  wonderful  creatures  that  they  Avill.  sometimes,  go  plodding 
along-  for  years  and,  finally,  heal  over  a  mass  of  dried  up.  dead 
wood  ;  but  the  result  is  a  hollow  tree,  likely  to  blow  over  on  your 
house  some  stormv  night. 

Unless  it  be  an  urgent  need,  1  would  not  use  a  big  tree  at  all, 
for  ])lanting  or  trans])lanting,  because  in  planting  the  small  one. 


86 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


(say  about  the  size  of  a  broom  handle.)  you  are  ahnost  sure  of 
success.  Photo  73  gives  a  glimpse  of  two  rows  of  young  "Rock 
Maples,"  set  six  years  ago.  Xot  one  failed  on  the  whole  street. 
This  will  become,  in  time,  equally  as  beautiful  as  the  single  row 
shown  in  Photo  25.  See  the  heavy-foliage  Norway  Maple,  (be- 
hind the  pole)  in  Photo  74.  This  has  been  planted  about  forty 
years,  and  the  diameter  of  the  top  is  over  fifty  feet. 

A'nyone  who  has  passed  the  meridian  of  life  is  conscious 
how  rapidly  the  years  go  by.  There  are  but  few  things  that  are 
more  pleasurable  and  prohtable  than  the  intelligent,  judicious 
planting  of  trees  for  posterity ;  but  when  you  plant,  use  the  small 
tree,  and  the  result  will  be  a  perfect  one. 

Did  you  ever  notice  the  dift'erent  forms  of  Apple  trees?  The 
lessons  they  give  are  very  suggestive  and  instructive.  Take, 
for  example,  the  old-fashioned,  long  "Sheep-Xose"  apple;  the 
form  of  the  tree  is  strikingly  like  the  fruit,  viz. :  elongated  and 
pointed.      As    the    opposite   of    that,    examine    a    Rhode    Island 


i"STt   .-.  <>Oi- 


Photo  75 
Roots  of  a  Rock  Maple. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


87 


Greening  apple,  and  the  tree  from  whence  it  came,  and  you  will 
learn  that  the  tree  is  somewhat  flat  and  spreading ;  in  other 
words,  it  is  about  the  form  of  the  fruit. 

You  are  acquainted  with  the  "tap  roots"  of  Hickories,  Chest- 
nuts, Oaks  and  some  other  trees  ;  the  long,  leading  roots  that 
have  a  tendency  to  go  straight  down,  corresponding  to  tops 
which,  when  "crowded,"'  will  run  to  great  heights.  Contrasted 
with  that  type,  take  the  roots  of  the  Rock  ]^Iaple,  seen  in  Photo 
75;  how  interesting!  This  is  the  base  of  the  charming  Maple 
seen  in  Photo  14.  See  how  firmly  it  grasps  the  soil.  Contrasted 
with  the  former,  see  the  dilterence  in  the  root  form  of  Photo  76. 
This  is  a  Pin  Oak,  and  the  division  of  the  roots  into  many  small 
ones  is  in  harmony  with  the  multitude  of  small  branches  of  the 
top,  and  also  of  the  fine-cut  leaf. 

Oh,  wonderful  creation!  But.  oh.  pitiable  man!  so  unwise, 
so  blind  to  his  own  interests  as  to  learn  so  few  of  the  infinite 


Photo  76 
Roots  of  a  Pin  Oak. 


88 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  77 
Roots  of  Trees  Correspond  in  Form  to  Tops. 


number  of  lessons  which  are  daily  spread  before  his  self-closed 
eyes. 

Turn  to  Photo  77.  THis  shows  an  excavation  in  a  sand- 
bank. Above  is  standing  an  Apple  tree  about  twenty-five  years 
old.  This  is  very  light,  porous  soil,  and  there  are  strong  roots 
found  here,  fourteen  feet  from  the  surface,  and  the  tips  of  these 
roots  are  probably  ten  feet  in-  more  further  down.  Probably 
if  the  soil  were  sufficiently  dee]),  and  thoroughly  porous,  the 
roots  would  ])lunge  down  or  spread  out  to  almost  the  exact  form 
and  dimensions  of  the  top.  In  Sandusky,  ().,  I  saw  where  a 
ditch  was  being  dug  close  by  some  Elm  trees.  Tt  was  loose  soil, 
about  one-half  fragmentary  lime-stone  rocks.  This  soil  was  full 
of  Elm  roots,  and  when  the  solid  rock  was  reached,  five  feet  from 
the  surface,  there  was  a  perfect,  matted,  net-work  of  roots.* 
completely  covering  the  l)ed  r(Kd<. 


See  Page  .''.0,  "PRnil-.R  ON  TRT-.KS  AND  BIRDS. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


89 


Photo  78 
With  Roots  near  the  Surface,  Windstorms  play  Havoc. 

A\  hile  an  Elm  will  plunge  deep  into  the  soil,  as  just  de- 
scribed, yet  in  swampy  lands  it  will  keep  its  roots  just  below 
the  surface,  and  so  the  wind  will  topple  it  over,  as  you  see  in 
Photo  78.  In  swampy  lands  at  a  certain  depth  the  water  stands 
all  the  }-ear  round.  As  the  roots  reach  this  depth  the  ^•oice  of 
the  tree  cries  out :  "Hold  on.  boys  ;  don't  venture  farther  down, 
or  vou'll  drown,  sure  as  fate!"  So  they  do  the  next  best  thing; 
they  swing  off  laterally  but,  having  no  depth  of  soil,  the  tree 
becomes  a  prey  to  the  howling  winds. 

In  this  "prosperous"'  epoch,  thousands  of  people  have  "made 
money,"  and  with  the  purest  desires  and  most  laudable  purposes 
have  gone  out  into  the  rural  districts  and  purchased  woodland 
propertv.  with  a  view  to  living  among  the  trees.  The  first  con- 
sideration is  the  house  ;  the  architect  produces  the  plans  which 
are  finally  accepted.  Xow  comes  the  "Landscape  Architect;" 
he  is  consulted  and  the  grounds  put  in  his  charge.      It  is  with 


90 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


pleasure  that  1  testify  that  America  has  some  of  the  finest  land- 
scape gardeners  in  the  world,  but  there  are  others  whose  quali- 
fications consist  in  a  common  education,  an  offtce  in  some  "sky- 
scraper,"' some  clerks  to  draw  curved  and  straight  lines,  and 
make  pretty  pictures  on  paper.  With  this  superficial  and  arti- 
ficial education  they  sally  forth,  procure  contracts,  and  proceed 
with  "filling,"  any  way  from  one  to  ten  feet  deep  on  the  roots 
of  trees!  They  complete  their  job,  receive  their  pay,  secure  a 
"testimonial."  hunt  up  the  next  honest  person  and  repeat  the 
same  destruction  of  property.  At  all  those  places  where  they 
have  performed  the  art  of  "filling  in"  around  trees,  a  year  later 
they  begin  to  look  sickly  ;  and  but  few  people  seem  to  compre- 
hend .that  the  roots  are  dying,  smothering  to  death  !  To  save  a 
beautiful  White  Oak.  in  Pittsburg.  I  had  to  order  the  "filling" 
removed  twelve  feet  from  the  tree  (twenty-four  feet  diameter). 
The  roots  had  been  buried  six  feet  dee])!  Think  of  that,  as  the 
work  of  a  "landscape  architect!" 

Large  trees  can  be  raised  or  lowered,  not  only  without  in- 
jury, but  often  proving  highly  beneficial,  provided  the  roots  are 
preserved  and  fed. 


CHAPTER  III 

Rain  Making— How  Plants  ake  Fed -Pear  Blight  and  othep 
Blights -Blights  the  Result  of  Previous  Injuries— Peach 
Yellows  and  other  Troubles— Prevention  Not  Cure 
Pruning  the  Peach  -The  Grape  Vine— Destruc- 
tion of  Thousands  of  Tons  of  grapes  Annu- 
ally^Improper  and  Proper  Methods 
of   Pruning  —  The  "  Reservoir  ' 
System  for  Supplying  Trees 
WITH  Water— The  Rath- 
bone  Elm— Wonders 
of  Creative 
Forests. 

RAIN  MAKING. 

I  predict  not  only  "a  New  Era  in  Tree  Growing"  but  a  New 
Epoch  in.  Agriculture.  As  discussed  toward  the  end  of  this 
work,  the  people,  probably  fifty  per  cent,  of  them,  must  "go  back 
to  the  land."  Whether  we  undertake  to  grow  garden  or  field 
crops,  flowers,  shrubs  or  trees,  next  to  the  life-giving  rays  of  the 
sun.  rain  is  the  one  essential  thing  on  which  we  depend.  What 
is  rain?  "\\'hy,  falling  drops  of  water  from  the  clouds."  Fool- 
ish question  to  ask,  is  it  not?  No,  not  entirely,  because  rain 
can  be  better  defined  by  saying,  "it  is  condensation  of  moisture." 
Fog,  vapor,  steam  in  the  kitchen  or  from  the  locomotive,  mists, 
etc.,  are  essentiallv  the  same  as  thunder-storms.  They  are  all 
formed  in  the  same  way,  \'iz  ;  the  moisture  in  the  air  comes  in 
contact  with  a  cold  substance  and  is  condensed.  Whether  it  be 
the  almost  invisible  drop  in  steam,  or  the  larger  drop  in  mist, 
or  the  half  ounce,  pelting  little  globes  in  the  thunder-storm,  they 
were  all  formed  in  the  same  way,  bv  condensing  invisible  mois- 
ture. The  size  of  the  drop  depends  on  other  combined  agencies. 
On  every  scpiare  inch  of  the  earth's  surface — at  sea-level — we  are 
told,  there  is  about  fifteen  pounds  of  atmospheric  pressure.      Go 

(91  ) 


92 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


into  some  people's  corn  or  potato  fields  and,  ])ehold  !  you  could 
not  drive  a  crow-bar  into  the  soil  in  July  or  August.  Xo  matter 
how  much  moisture  there  may  be  in  the  air,  how  can  it  pene- 
trate the  ground,  and  condense  in  particles  of  water  for  the  roots 
of  the  plant,  under  such  conditions?  It  is  impossible;  and  the 
crops  famish.  Haul  a  load  of  hot.  dry  sand  and  place  it  in  a 
heap  on  this  same  baked  soil.  Two  days  afterward  thrust  your 
hand  into  it  and  you  will  find  moisture.  How  did  it  get  there? 
Why,  as  soon  as  the  particles  cooled  off,  the  air  penetrated  the 


Photo  79,  Rainmakers. 


sand,  and  every  tiny  little  grain  became  a  condenser.  Bring  a 
basket  of  potatoes  out  of  the  cellar,  on  a  warm,  spring  day,  and 
in  fifteen  minutes  they  will  be  "sweating."  A\'h}?  They  are 
cold,  and  condense  the  moisture  of  the  warm  air.  Same  expla- 
nation for  the  mouth  of  your  pump  "sweating"  as  you  force  the 
cold  water  through  it.  Same  answer  for  the  "sweating"  of  the 
ice-water  pitcher,  and  all  the  "sweatings"  on  stone  floors,  cel- 
lar-walls, etc. 

There  is  a  kind  of  a  paradox  in  the  question  of  a  water  sup- 
ply for  crops.  In  hcavv  lands,  it  is  absnhitclv  necessary  to  take 
the  water  away  in  order  to  procure  a  supply.     That  is,  you  take 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


93 


away  the  surplus  water  in  order  that  \c)u  may  be  able  to  plow 
and  till  the  soil  and  thereby  admit  and  condense  what  is  in  the 
air.  for  the  constant  use  of  the  plant.  Idie  crying  need,  for 
the  heavy  lands,  is  "drainage."  Ten  million  dollars  in  Ohio, 
alone,  would  only  be  a  fair  beginning  of  what  ought  to  be  in- 
vested for  first-class  underdrainage ;  and  nothing  would  pay  bet- 


Photo  80,  Yielding  Abundantly. 

ter.  Then  your  "rain-makers"  could  be  put  into  operation. 
You  can  see  them  in  Photo  79.  Photo  80  shows  a  piece  of  land 
that  had  been  "skinned  to  death."  It  was  purchased  by  Mr.  J. 
E.  French,  Wickliff.  O.  First  thing  was  underdrainage  ;  then 
they  could  go  in  on  it  and  work  it.  Rye  and  other  green  crops 
were  plowed  imcler  ;  manure,  lime,  etc..  put  on,  and  here,  at  the 
end  of  three  vears,  is  the  reward:     Corn    fourteen    feet    hip^h! 


94  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

The  agricultural  lands  oi  America  are  waiting  not  for  "hogs'* 
but  farmers ;  those  who  understand  soils  and  drainage,  and  who, 
from  the  bottom  of  their  hearts,  in  good  old  Grange  style,  can 
shout,  "Three  cheers  for  the  plow,  spade  and  hoe!" 

PEAR  BLIGHT. 

I  repeat  here  what  I  stated  in  the  old  "Tree  Doctor," 
namely  ;  that  peculiar  class  of  maladies,  which  we  call  "blight," 
does  not  "attack"  and  "kill"  any  tree  or  plant.  \\'ise  men 
sneered  at  the  assertion.  Did  not  e\'erybody  know  better?  Did 
not  everyone  see  Pear  trees  "blighted?'"  Had  not  every  ruralist 
seen  wdiole  fields  of  potatoes  swept  by  the  "blight?"  Had  not 
Prof.  Wait  examined  "pear  blight."  named  the  bacteria,  placed 
it  in  "culture."  described  its  life  and  habits?  P)Ut,  readers,  is  it 
not  true  that  all  who  have  discovered  and  named  the  microbes 
of  the  various  "blights"  have  said  in  plain  words  (or  language 
that  would  imply  the  same).  "These  attack  and  kill  the  tree?" 
(or  plant.)  The  impression  that  is  left  by  all  reading  that  I 
ever  ran  across  on  the  subject  is  that  these  little  foes  "attack" 
and  "kill."  just  the  same  as  a  burglar  would  "attack"  and  break 
windows  and  doors  of  a  house,  then  enter  and  "kill."  This  is 
a  grave  error. 

Do  not  our  leading  physicians  all  claim  that  microbes  of 
every  disease  are  existing  all  the  while  in  the  air?  One  said  to 
me :  "If  I  were  to  subject  the  saliva  on  your  tongue  to  micro- 
scopic inspection  I  would  find  there  germs  of  all  diseases  com- 
mon to  this  locality  ;"  and  Dr.  Kellogg  remarks  that  a  perfectly 
healthy  stomach  will  actually  digest  and  make  food  of  those 
minute  creatures.  Therefore,  as  to  wdiethcr  an  indi^•idual  or  a 
community  is  "attacked"  by  the  microbes  of  any  "disease."  will 
depend  upon  wdiether  we  have  sinned.  "Sin  is  the  transgression 
of  the  law."  The  laws  of  Nature  are  the  laws  of  Ciod.  Health 
is  the  normal  condition.  If  we  overwork,  imderwork.  drink  that 
which  is  injurious,  act  the  glutton,  or  in  any  way  "transgress" 
law,  we  pay  the  penalty.  If  the  function  of  any  organ  of  the 
body  is  disused  or  misused,  dead  matter  is  formed,  and  on  this 
dead  matter  the  microbes  feed.  They  have  a  right  to  do  this; 
that's  w^hat  thev  are  for. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


95 


\\hen  anyone  writes  or  speaks  of  tlie  iierms  of  pear 
blio^ht  '"attackini^"'  a  tree,  he  is  presenting  a  grave  question  in  a 
very  erroneous  and  misleading  manner.  'Hie  "attacks."  so- 
called,  of  the  microbes  are  only  after  an  injury  has  been  inflicted 
by  some  other  cause.  The  whole  tops  of  Pear  trees  may  be 
frozen  and  turn  black  ;  in  consequence  of  this  all  the  cells  m  the 
leaf  are  ruptured.  In  the  decayed  matter  of  those  dead  leaves 
you  have  the  feeding  ground  for  the  germs  of  the  "blight."  so- 
called.     A  portion  of  the  bark  may  become  scalded  in  the  hot 


Photo  81 
A  Story  of  "Blight." 


sun  Avith  the  same  result.  The  tree  might  be  standing  on  a 
southern  exposure  in  light,  sandy  soil,  and  might  start  into  bloom 
too  soon,  be  nipped  with  frost  and  show  what  is  sometimes 
termed  "bloom-blight."  It  might  so  lack  water  in  this  hot,  dry- 
situation,  that  a  part  of  the  twigs  die  in  July  or  August.  This 
is  called  "twig-blight."  In  none  of  these  cases  does  this  mi- 
crobe produce  what  you  see  and  call  "blight."  Some  injury  is 
first  inflicted,  then  they  take  possession  and  have  a  right  to. 
Their  working  on  such  leaves  or  injured  branches,  adjacent  to 
the  sound  portions,  imdoubtedly  will  augment  and  intensify  the 
trouble. 

Photo  81  tells  a  story  about  "blight."     .\  field  of  potatoes, 
planted   June   1-^th  :   land   plowed,   worked — all   the   same  ;   same 


96 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


seed,  .^aine  cultivation.  The  field,  a  stiff  cla}-,  lacked  fertilizer. 
August,  hot  and  dry ;  the  plants  worked,  pumped,  struggled, 
drew  all  the  water  from  the  soil.  One  by  one  the  leaves 
drooped,  faded,  turned  black;  a  veritable  case  of  "blight!"  Mil- 
lions of  billions  of  microbes  at  work!  Of  course  they  were! 
Fools  if  they  didn't  when  they  found  such  a  glorious  opportunity. 
The  dead  stalk,  to  the  left,  with  four  little  potatoes,  was  above 
the  average  yield  of  the  field.  But  at  one  end  of  the  field  was 
quite  a  lesson.  A  few'  vegetable  pits  had  been  dug — tw'O  feet 
deep — the  fall  before.  The  following  spring  the  straw,  leaves 
and  all  such  rubbish  were  thrown  in  and  plowed  under.  While 
the  main  field  perished  of  thirst  in  August,  all  plants  standing 
over  those  old  vegetable  pits  went  on  growing,  growing,  grow- 
ing till  October  8th,  when  a  frost  killed  them.  A  plant  was  dug 
the  next  morning  and  the  tubers  under  it  are  shown,  together 


Photo  82 
Potatoes  on  Clay  Soil. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


97 


Photo  83 
Healthy  Bodies  Uncongenial  to  Germs  of  Disease. 

with  the  frost-bitten  top.  in  the  right  of  the  photo.  To  sum  the 
matter  up,  freeze  or  otherwise  kill  the  foliage,  and  your  "feed- 
ing" roots  die.  Or  kill  the  "feeders"  and  your  top  must  perish  ; 
there  is  nothing  to  keep  it  alive,  they  "blight"  sure  as  fate. 
Can't  you  almost  hear  the  buglers  of  the  armies  of  those 
"blight"  germs  that  float  in  the  air,  tooting  merrily:  "Away! 
away !  for  here's  decay  !  Potato  tops  are  deatl  as  hay."  Rea- 
sonings on  the  problem  have  not  been  sound.  They  have  been 
just  as  correct  as  the  fellow  who  found  the  carcass  of  a  horse  in 
the  ditch,  in  summer,  and  declared :  "The  flies  killed  that 
animal;  the  proof  is  that  the  body  is  full  of  maggots!"  The 
facts  were  that  something  killed  the  horse,  and  because  he  was 
dead,  therefore  it  was  the  appropriate  feeding  ])lace  for  the  mag- 
gots. If  you  have  a  case  of  "potato  blight,"  ascertain  if  the  soil 
is  too  wet.  and  the  roots  have  drowned.     If  so,  underdrain  the 

7 


98 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


field.  Is  it  "(Ir}-  rot"  (or  "dry  Ijlis^ht")  ?  Then  tlic  field  probably 
needs  some  "green  crops"  plowed  under  and  other  fertilizers 
and  possibly  subsoiling-  to  give  depth  for  the  roots. 

Xo  "blight"  is  seen  in  the  piece  of  potatoes  shown  in  Photo 
82.  Though  that  is  clay  soil,  it  is  underdrained,  subsoiled,  and 
well  manured.  Germs  of  disease  cannot  grow  on  a  healthy 
bodv.  The  Hydrangeas  in  Photo  S'^  teach  the  same  lesson.  If 
it  has  root  protection,  the  young  plant  usually  has  the  freshest 
foliage.     In  this  case,  however,  one    by    one,    the    leaves    have 


Photo  84 
W.  I.   Chamberlain,  Hudson,  Ohio. 


dropped  ofT.  because  the  little  flower  pot  (like  millions  of  others) 
has  been  again  and  again  subjected  to  undue  heat  and  lack  of 
Avater.  But  see  how  robust  the  larger  one  is  in  the  big  tub  of 
earth.  This  does  not  dry  out,  therefore  the  vigorous  foliage  in 
which  all  the  new  wood  is  manufactured.  How  long  will  it  take 
the  world  to  learn  that  the  top  can  be  no  better  than  the  root, 
or  the  root  any  stronger  than  the  top? 

Among  the  successful  apple-growers  is  \\".  I.  Chamberlain, 
Hudson,  O.  The  gentleman  is  seen  in  Photo  84.  He  "makes 
money"  out  of  this  orchard,  though  it  is  on  clay  land.  But  it  is 
underdrained,  and  is  plowed  once  a  year.  Oats,  Hungarian 
grass,  Cow-Peas  or  some  other  crop  is  raised  and,  toward  fall, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


99 


cut  and  thrown  under  tlie  trees  to  prexent  tlie  falliui;"  apples 
from  bruising".  I-'our  years  ago,  all  around  Kent,  ( ).,  Apple  trees 
had  what  people  called  "twig-blight."  It  is  produced  in  the 
following  manner :  The  orchard  lands  are  co\ered  wdth  a  sod  ;  the 
roots  come  near  the  surface  competing'  with  the  roots  of  the 
grass  for  the   moisture  of  summer   rains.     Being  thus  brought 


Photo  85 
The  Feeder  Roots  are  just  Under  the  Drip  of  the  Branches. 

near  the  surface,  the  warm  sun  incites  the  roots  to  action  pre- 
maturely in  spring.  This  forces  out  the  buds  too  early.  Then, 
in  ]\Iay,  there  is  usually  a  "dry  spell."  All  growth,  then,  comes 
nearly  to  a  standstill.  In  June  come  the  copious  rains,  accom- 
panied bv  a  high  temperature,  and  I  have  seen  Apple  trees  shoot 
out,  all  over  their  tops,  twdgs  ten  or  twelve  inches  long  in  ten 
days.  Then  comes  the  drv  weather,  the  roots  become  parched; 
the  tree  cannot  carrv  all  the  new  growth,  and  most  of  these  ten- 
der, spasmodic  shoots  perish  becattse  it  is  utterly  impossible  for 
the  tree  to  sustain  them.  Now  the  howl  goes  up,  ''The  Apple 
trees  are  'attacked'  by  'twig-blight !'  " 


100 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  86 
Among  the  Trees  and  Vines. 


Any  deacVcro]),  plant  or  tree  that  has  l^een  killed  with  too 
much  waterJ  want  of  water,  frost  or  any  cause  will  be  "attacked" 
with   ntiJliows  or,   perhaps,   countless   billions  of  bacteria   called 

A.  cNo^iry  ago,  and  previous  to  that  time,  England  was  af- 
flicteVK  wj^  "rust"  in  wheat  and  other  grain  crops,  and  also 
■'moulcrte,"  "mildew,"  and  such  fungoid  growths,  until  they  com- 
meiKTTk^o  un.derdrain  and  subsoil  her  wet-lands.  Following 
her-Nrnprovements  in  Agriculture  came  healthy  crops,  and  the 
"diseases"  just  named  largely  disap])eared  because  no  "disease'* 
can  get  a  root-hold  on  a  perfectly  healthy  leaf  or  plant.  Create 
deiil^i  of  soil,  feed  and  keep  the  root  of  your  plant  or  tree 
Ithy,  and  none  of  the  "diseases"  will  "attack"  the  visible  parts 
ause  there  is  no  pos'^ible  way  in  which  they  can  grow  on 
Ithy  foliage.  Tops  that  are  "blasted"  by  chilly  winds  or 
t"  by  frosts  are  things  over  which  we  have  but  little  control. 
If  a  tree  or  i)lant    is    attacked    by    "leaf-eating"    worms    or 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


101 


Photo  87 
Sweeping  the  Ground. 


beetles,  it  is  another  problem.  But  even  in  such  cases,  scien- 
tists tell  us  that  the  parent  lays  her  eggs  on  the  weakest  plants, 
just  as  the  fish  goes  into  the  shallow  stream  to  spawn,  from  an 
instinct  of  safety  to  her  young.  Xine-tenths  of  your  victory  is 
won  in  having  a  healthy  plant.  "Pear  blight,"  so-called,  can  be 
avoided  by  planting  on  eastern,  western  or  northern  slopes, 
avoiding  the  southern  ;  and,  above  all  things,  give  it  a  clav  soil. 
If  you  have  sandy  soil,  excavate  a  hole  six  feet  in  diameter  and 
four  feet  deep,  and  fill,  not  wath  "raw  clay,"  but  with  a  clay 
loam.  Keep  the  tree  cultivated,  and  all  dead  brancb.es  and  twigs 
cut  out,  as  they  appear,  and  you  will  have  no  serious  trouble 
with  "Pear  blight."  The  climate  of  Great  Britain  is  just  right 
for  the  pear.  Tn  the  too-hot  or  too-cold  or  changeable  climate 
of  the  United  States,  it  will  always  be  subjected  to  more  or  less 
injury. 


102 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


PEACH  YELLOWS,  ETC. 

What  is  "Peach  yellows?"  Nobody  seems  to  know.  The 
most  reliable,  practical  and  scientific  botanists  have  been  em- 
ployed by  the  U.  S.  Agricultural  Department  to  give  the  sub- 
ject a  thorough  investigation.  They  all  agree  in  one  thing, 
namely;  "there  is  nothing  in  the  disease  that  can  be  recognized 
as  a  living  organism." 

Nine-tenths  of  what  is  supposed  to  be  "yellows"  (perhaps 
ninety-nine  hundredths)  is  starved  or  dried-up  trees,  or  lack  of 
potash  or  some  mineral  in  the  soil.  The  peach,  like  the  pear, 
develops  the  flower  before  the  leaf-bud  is  fully  expanded.  In 
warm  winters,  in  north  temperate  latitudes,  peaches  are  often 
brought  forward  too  early  and  severely  injured.  Here,  the  peach 
ought  to  be  coming  into  bloom  from  the  twentieth  of  April  to 
the  first  of  May.     In  1885,  on  the  eleventh  of  March,  peach  trees 


•V "     ^  ■         •■    ■         ■  '     ■■-- 
■_-   "  "■*■  -■      .-..■•■■■      '-■  ■ 

-J^tf 

^^^^^K          JHHJI^ 

Photo  88 

The  Linden  is  Beautiful. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


103 


were  in  full  bloom,  about  as  those  seen  in  Photo  91.  That  day 
the  weather  changed.  Six  days  after,  th^  thermometer  stood 
eighteen  degrees  below  zero.     The  result  can  be  imagined ! 

A  neighbor  of  mine  has  been  a  successful  peach-grower  for 
about  forty  years.  His  farm  is  situated  on  a  high  altitude.  On 
the  night  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  of  May,  1895,  there 
was  a  veritable  freeze.  Two  inches  of  water  standing  in  a 
wash-tub  froze  solid  and  bulged  up  in  the  middle.  My  friend, 
usually  considered  located  "above  late  frosts,"  was  caught  this 


Photo  89,  Elm  Leaf. 


Photo  90,  Wonderfully  Made. 


At r*''V'  '-'^kk'h 


Photo  91,  In   full  Blcom. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


105 


time.     The  next  year  the  "yellows"  ajjpeared  and  nearly  all  this 
valuable  orchard  was  dug-  out  inside  of  two  years. 

I  will  make  a  suggestion  by  raising  a  question.  Is  it  pos- 
sible that  a  heavy  freeze,  at  a  certain  stage  of  growth,  by  rup- 
turing- the  protoplasmic  cells  of  the  new  cambium  laver.  or  the 
cells  of  the  wood,  or  those  of  the  foliage,  or  all  combined,  would 
so  poison  the  system  of  the  tree  by  the  flow  of  this  contaminated 
matter  as  to  debilitate  the  whole,  producing  what  would  be 
equivalent  to  blood-poisc^ning?  But  all  people  are  more  inter- 
ested in  the  following  practical  question: 

HOW  CAN  I  HAVE  A  HEALTHY  PEACH  TREE? 

In  Photo  92  you  have  wdiat  is  as  near  perfection  in  peach 
growing  as  you  would  find.  This  is  at  the  summer  home  of  Mr. 
J.  E.  French,  Wickliff,  O.     The  gentleman  is  seen  to  the  right. 


Photo  92 

Fruit  Farm  of  J.  E.  French,  Wickliff,  Ohio. 


106  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Mr.  Ferry,  the  superintendent,  to  the  left,  is  one  of  the  most 
practical  fruit-growers  whom  1  have  met.  He  says  he  heads  off 
"leaf  curl"  by  pulling  away  the  earth  around  each  tree  and  put- 
ting about  a  peck  of  wood  ashes  to  each  one.  These  trees  re- 
tain their  foliage  till  late  in  ( )ctober.  after  forest  trees  have  be- 
come defoliated.  With  this  prolonged  season  of  "breathing." 
they  go  into  the  winter  period  of  "rest,"  and  are  not  in  a  hurry 
to  unfold  their  fat,  piump  buds  till  the  spring  is  fairly  opened. 
Peach  trees  with  a  heavy  sod  around  them,  or  otherwise  starved, 
will  often  throw  their  leaves  in  August,  and  then,  as  moister 
weather  comes  on,  start  out  a  foliage  from  the  buds  that  should 
have  been  held  over  for  the  following  spring.  This  is  very 
weakening  to  the  tree,  but  it  is  a  case  of  "the  least  of  two  evils;" 
if  it  did  not  do  this  it  would  die. 

If  you  would  understand  the  peach,  proceed  as  with  every 
other  tree  or  plant,  and  enquire:  "Where  is  its  home?"  The 
"home"  of  the  peach,  we  are  told,  is  on  the  table-lands  of  Persia, 
on  the  plateau  of  Iran.  You  have  the  "home  ;"  what  are  the  sur- 
roundings? The  Caspian  Sea  on  the  north,  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  south,  and  the  Persian  Gulf  swinging  in  round  the  west.  Here 
you  have  the  modifying  influences  of  three  bodies  of  water  plus 
an  altitude  of  some  five  thousand  feet  above  sea-level.  If  you 
will  take  the  pains  to  look  at  your  map,  I  think  you  will  find  that 
its  "home"  is  in  a  latitude  that  would  take  in  Tennessee.  How 
can  we  expect,  then,  that  a  tree  adapted  to  such  a  latitude,  and 
at  a  high  altitude,  can  be  carried  five  hundred  or  a  thousand  miles 
farther  north,  planted  on  sea-level,  on  southern  slopes,  abused, 
neglected,  budded  from  saplings — instead  of  matured  trees — and 
escape  the  maladies  to  which  it  has  fallen  a  victim?  It  is  a 
marvel  that  it  lives  at  all. 

Don't  plant  the  peach  on  lowlands,  or  on  muck-lands,  or 
heavy  clay.  Take  a  northern  slope  if  you  can  ;  if  not,  eastern  or 
western,  not  southern,  because  the  tree  will  be  apt  to  start  too 
early  in  s])ring.  In  planting  orchards,  drain  (heavy  lands)  and 
subsoil.  For  a  few  trees  dig  a  hole  four  feet  in  diameter  and 
three  feet  dee]),  fill  with  old  sods  and  good  soil.  After  trees  get 
started  (in  orchards),  plow  every  spring,  but  not  closer  than  a 
perpendicular  line  with  the  tops  of  spreading  branches.  Work 
under  the  branches  with  disk-harrow,  hoe  or  other  implement. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


107 


Keep  well  cultivated  till  first  of  August.  Then  sow  oats. 
These  will  make  a  good  growth  by  fall,  will  dry  the  ground  by 
pumping  out  the  moisture,  and  the  frost  will  then  kill  them  (I 
am  speaking  of  northern  latitudes),  and  they  will  lie  flat  on  the 
ground,  and  the  roots  of  the  trees,  thus  protected,  will  not  be 
killed  by  freezing,  as  they  were  in  Northern  Ohio  and  Michigan 
in  the  wmter  of  1903-4.  If  planted  on  a  northern  slope  (this  is 
to  hold  them  back  in  spring)  a  crop  can  be  expected  every 
season. 


PRUNING. 

This  is  not  generally  understood.  If  properly  planted,  the 
young  trees  make  rapid  growth  and  they  keep  on  shooting  out 
from  the  terminal,  or  end  buds.  Photo  93  shows  how  to  handle 
the  peach.  You  notice  the  shoot  (this  is  last  year's  wood)  that 
has  the  knife  hung  on  it.  Below  where  the  knife  is  fastened, 
down  to  the  left,  are  five  fruit-buds ;  above  the  knife  are  six.  If 
you  cut  off  where  the  knife  marks,  as  in  the  other  sample,  the 


Photo  93 
Prune  Where  Knife  Hangs. 


108 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


branch  would  then  have  more  than  it  should  be  allowed  to  carry. 
Down  still  lower,  below  where  the  wrapping  is  fastened  on,  are 
several  "wood-buds."  When  the  top  is  removed,  these  lower 
wood-buds  are  forced  into  growth,  and  thus,  if  you  desire,  you 
can  hold  your  Peach  tree  down  low,  in  bush  form  ;  or  vou  can 
run  the  original  "leader"  up  five  or  six  feet  from  the  ground,  and 
form  a  compact  head  by  following  the  suggestions  just  given. 
In  cutting  ofif  one-half  of  the  fruit-buds,  as  here  shown,  you  will 
have  just  as  much  fruit  in  weight,  and  the  perfection  and  size  of 
It  will  command  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  per  cent,  more  in 
j)rice. 

THE  GRAPE-VINE. 

What  a  wonderful  creature  is  this  vine!  Preached  of  and 
sung  of  in  all  ages.  How  one  would  like  to  "make  a  little 
speech"  in  its  behalf!  But  it  needs  no  introduction;  it  is  here 
and  here  to  stay.  The  people  want  to  know  how  to  procure  its 
fruit.  The  camera  will  give  you  a  few  lessons;  you  should  then 
increase  your  knowledge  by  reading  and  observation. 


Photo  94 
A  neglected  Vineyard. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


109 


Photo  95 
Vineyard  of  a  "lucky"  Grape-grower. 

Photo  94  gives  a  glimpse  of  the  vineyard  of  an  "unlucky" 
grape-grower.  Photo  95  presents  a  view  of  the  "hicky"  grape- 
grower  (Mr.  Geo.  Urban,  AMckHff,  ().)  The  "bad  hick'"  of 
tlie  one  arose  from  planting  and  expecting  a  crop  without  work- 
ing for  it.  ^Ir.  Urban  is  a  practical  man.  He  fully  understands 
that,  if  you  desire  potatoes,  cabbage,  corn,  apples,  peaches, 
grapes  and,  indeed,  anything,  you  must  prepare  the  soil,  plant 
and  take  care  of  it,  and  Nature  will  reward  abundantly,  as  is 
shown  in  Photo  96. 

The  "Tree  Putcher"  of  the  average  community  is  also  a 
"Grape-vine  fool."  He  has  read  or  heard  from  some  source  that 
the  Grape-vine  "should  be  cut  back  to  one  or  two  eyes,"  and  all 
he  knows  about  "trimming"  the  Grape-vine  is  to  go  "clip," 
"snip,"  "clip,"  present  his  bill  and  collect  his  money,  for  what? 
For  destroying  your  crop  of  grapes ! 

Do  you  see  anything  wrong  with  the  work  presented  in 
Photo  97?  Probably  not.  That  part  to  the  left  is  thoroughly 
"clipped"  and  neatly  tied,  but  the  fruit  is  gone.     All  the  fruit- 


110 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


bearing  canes — the  last  year's  grovvth^ — have  been  cut  off! 
(Think  of  the  wisdom  of  this  "Grape-fool!")  ( )ne  of  the  fruit- 
bearing  canes  was  picked  up  and  wound  around  and  hung  up  so 
that  you  can  see  it.  It  has  twenty-one  nice,  plump,  fat  "eyes" 
or  buds,  and  each  bud  would  produce  one,  two,  or  three  bunches 
of  grapes. 

The  same  simpletons  who  have  ruined  the  trees  of  the  towns 


Photo  96 
An  abundant  Reward. 


and  cities  of  this  country  destroy  not  less  than  two  hundred 
thousand  tons  of  graj^es  annually  ;  for  the  average  mechanic  and 
farmer  copies  their  destructive  methods,  honestly  thinking  it  is 
all  right  because  the  "Tree  man"  does  it  that  way. 

A  year  ago,  Mr.  T.  G.  Parsons,  lumber  merchant,  Kent,  O., 
sent  for  me.  He  had  been  unable  to  get  grapes  for  six  years. 
I  showed  him  his  error,  and  he  preserved  the  new  canes,  and 
tied  them  up,  as  you  see  in  Photo  98.     He  recently  told  me :     "I 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


111 


have  seen  beautiful  pictures  in  catalogs  and  mas^azines,  but 
never  saw  anything  ecjual  the  excellence  of  my  crop  of  grapes 
last  fall."  You  should  cut  out  about  half  of  the  weakest  canes  and 
all  old,  dead  wood,  and  cultivate  the  soil,  allowing  no  weeds  to 
grow,  and  you  will  get  grapes.  They  will  grow  in  almost  any 
soil,  except  wet  muck-land,  or  heavy,  soggy  clay. 

Probably  the  finest  quality  of  grapes  is  grown  in  the  "grape 
region,"   stretching  from   Cleveland  to   Willoughby,   O.     While 


Photo  97 
All  the  Fruit-bearing  Canes  Cut  Off. 

this  is  mostly  clay  land  it  is  underlaid  by  a  shale  rock.  The  sys- 
tem of  pruning  followed  by  the  grape-growers  of  the  lake-front 
region  may  be  called  "a  balanced  method."  They  remove,  prob- 
ably, from  half  to  two-thirds  of  the  last  year's  growth.  The 
remainder  produces  the  fine  rrop  shown  in  Photo  96,  and  still 
leaves  the  plant  with  reserved  power  enough  to  force  out  the 
new  growth  for  the  following  year. 

If  you  have  old  vines,  on  which  there  is  no  bearing  wood, 
take  a  saw  and  cut  them  oi¥  close  to  the  ground  in  December  or 
January,  and  paint  the  wounds.  Remove  all  weeds  from  near 
the   old   "crown."     In   the  following  season   it   will   grow   up   a 


112 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  98,  Properly  Pruned. 


niiniber  of  vigorous  canes.  Train  ^  these  carefully  where  vou 
want  them,  or  the  strongest  of  them,  (you  will  do  well  to  pull  t)lt 
the  weak  ones)  and  the  year  after  this  }-ou  will  have  grapes  that 
will  "scare  the  natives."  You  will  then  have  a  new  vine  good 
for  years  to  come.  The  grape  does  not  recpiire  a  very  rich  soil, 
but  a  little  hen-manure  or  bone-meal  will  be  helpful  in  poor 
lands. 

In  treating  of  the  grape  thus  far  I  have  urged  the  necessity 
of  not  allowing  sod  to  grow  around  the  \'ines.  I  know  h.ow  peo- 
ple admire  a  good,  heavy,  green  sward  (none  more  than  I  do), 
but  we  must  face  the  facts  if  we  are  to  procure  trees,  vines  or 
shrubs.  Every  tree  is  entitled  to  all  the  land  it  occupies,  (out  as 
far  as  the  drip  of  the  branches),  but  if  you  must  have  sod.  ])lant 
less  trees,  but  have  a  few  good  specimens  instead  of  a  lot  of  half- 
dead  ones.  In.  the  last  few  years  T  liave  introduced  what  we  call 
"the  reservoir  system,"  to  save  the  sod  and  yet  give  a  supply  of 
water  wdiere  a  tree 'is  suffering  for  lack  of  moisture.  People  of- 
ten "water  the  tree,"  as  they  suppose,  by  sprinkling  the  lawn. 
The  grass  usually  takes  up  every  particle  of  such  water,  and  the 
tree  goes  on  "perishing  by  inches,"  pleading,  crying,  "water! 
water !" 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


113 


Mr.  A\'.  C.  Talniadge.  \\icklilT,  (  ).,  has  the  hirgcst.  most  ma- 
jestic Ehii  on  "The  Ridge,"  running  from  Cleveland  to  Paines- 
ville.  The  top  was  giving  out,  the  lawn  was  kept  littered  with 
dead  twigs.  He  sent  for  me  to  ascertain  what  was  the  trouble. 
The  test,  in  Photo  99,  showed  the  soil  "as  dry  as  a  powder  horn." 
llie  faithful  tree  had  labored  and  pumped  every  particle  of  mois- 
ture out  of  the  ground.  This  was  being  repeated  vear  after  year. 
The  rains  were  not  heavy  enough  in  the  fall  to  ])enetrate  the  sod 
and  reach  the  roots,  and  as  a  residt,  a  grand  old  monarch,  for 
which  the  owner  would  not  take  five  thousand  dollars,  was  in 
imminent  danger  of  dying.     To  save  this  tree  we  put  in  fiftv  of 


Photo  99 
As  Dry  as  a  Powder  Horn. 


114 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


our  "reservoirs."  and  the  result  was  the  buiUlini;-  of  an  entire  new- 
top.  How  much  better  to  si)en(l  a  few  dollars  than  to  lose  a  tree 
that  it  has  taken  Nature  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  to  build  !  You 
can  g^et  an  idea  of  how  the  "reservoirs""  are  put  in  l)y  Photo  100. 
A  piece  of  sod.  say  a  foot  square,  is  remo\ed  ;  then  a  hole  is  dug. 
widening  as  it  deepens  until  there  is  a  cavity  about  the  size  of  ^ 
bushel  basket.  The  hole  is  filled  to  within  six  inches  of  the  top 
with  brickbats  or  stones.  A  piece  of  inch-and-a-quarter  gas 
pipe,  six  inches  long,  is  held  in  the  middle  of  tlie  hole  wdiile  ce- 
ment is  being  placed  around  it  and  over  the  stone.  ( Kee])  a 
plug  in  the  upper  end  of  the  pipe  to  exclude  dirt).     Leave  a  hole 


Photo  100 
Placing  the  Reservoirs. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


115 


1 

rJ 

••^1  ,'l^l^^B^^^BMaBaM^^^^^BB 

I          jjji 

^HJB 

Photo  101 
An  Effort  to  make  Poplars  Branch  out. 


about  three  inches  deep  around  the  pipe  for  soil  and  sod.  The 
soil  should  be  tamped  in  and  the  sod  pounded  down,  and  every- 
thing kept  away  so  that  the  cement  will  not  loosen  while  it  is 
setting-.  The  end  of  the  gas  pipe  comes  through  the  sod.  but  on 
a  level  with  it,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  lawn  mower.  To 
water  the  tree,  stick  the  nozzle  of  the  hose  into  the  pipe  and  let 
the  water  run  until  it  overflows. 

The  ground  under  the  ^ralmadge  Elm  was  so  dry  that  it 
took  over  three  hundred  gallons  of  water  the  first  day  the  reser- 
voirs were  used.  During  one  season  they  give  this  tree  up- 
wards of  three  hundred  barrels  of  water.  This,  together  with 
bracing  it,  will  probablv  prolong  the  life  of  this  remnant  of  the 
native  forest  for  a  hundred  years — possibly  two  hundred. 

The  dying  condition  of  the  top  may  not  be  caused  by  the 
want  of  water.  It  may  be  from  too  much  water  ;  or,  more  likely, 
from  a  "'deep  filling"    at    the    time    of    "grading."     \\niichever  of 


116 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


these  three  causes  the  trouble  nii.^ht  spring;  from,  the  result  pro- 
duced on  the  tree  is  much  the  same.  In  every  case  the  "hair 
roots,""  (that  is,  the  real  "feeders,"")  are  first  destroyed,  resulting 
in  the  death  of  the  larger  ones.  The  supply  of  "raw  material" 
being  cut  off,  of  course  the  "factories"  (the  leaves)  close,  and  be- 
come a  habitation  of  the  disease  germs  constantly  floating  in 
the  air.     Then  the  twigs  give    out    and    decay    runs    back    into 


Photo  102 
Trunk  of  Rathbone  Elm,  Marietta,  Ohio. 


the  larger  branches  and,  finally,  the  once  beautiful  top  of  a 
grand  tree,  while  really  but  in  youth,  falls  a  victim  to  disease, 
death  and  decay.  Never  apply  a  remedy  until  you  have  ascer- 
tained the  cause  of  the  malady. 

Photo  102  shows  the  huge  trunk  of  the  great  "Rathbone 
Elm,"  at  ^1  arietta,  O.  Think  of  the  wonderful,  silent  forces 
that  have  been  at  work  to  construct  this  great  body  for  two  cen- 
turies or  more!  Every  spring  as  the  Redbirds,  Orioles  and  other 
songsters  have  poured  forth  their  thrilling  music  from   its  top, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


117 


which  is  a  "grove"  in  itself,  this  marv-elous  creature  has  under- 
taken to  build  a  new  concentric  "ring"  or  layer  to  the  already 
mammoth  truidv-.  A  million  buds  await  the  action  of  their  in- 
\isible  co-workers  below.  The  majestic  top,  a  little  woodland  in 
itself,  has  stood  guard  over  the  old  Rathbone  home,  encounter- 
ing the  bleak  storms  and  howling  winds  of  six  long  months  since 
its  foliage  was  stripped  and  returned  to  motb.er  earth.     It  has 


Photo  103 
Boston  Ivy  is  the  Best  Vine  in  America. 

seen  the  Ohio  frozen  and  held  for  weeks  in  frigid  bands  and, 
anon,  vapor  that  once  spread  over  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
miles,  condensed  and  formed  into  irresistible  torrents,  sweeping 
from  rivulet,  gully,  creek  and  river,  swelling  the  banks  of  the 
mighty  stream,  inundating  hamlet,  village  and  old  Marietta  her- 
self; but  there  this  monarch  stands  (see  Photo  13)  awaiting  the 
orders  of  a  greater  mcinarch,  old  king  "Sol,"  who  has  just 
"crossed  the  line"  and  is  about  to  give  his  behest:  "Forward, 
march  !  six  months'  work  ahead," 


118 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Raise  your  hand,  hold  up  a  leaf  in  the  other,  placing  the  leaf 
beside  the  open  hand.  As  you  gaze  upon  the  structure  of  the 
hand  you  may  possibly  think  of  the  old  scripture,  "I  am  fearfully 
and  wonderfully  made."  Can  anything  less  be  said  of  the  leaf? 
Your  hand  has  locomotion  ;  the  leaf  has  not.  Does  that  argue 
anything  against  the  wonders  of  the  creation  of  the  leaf?  "But 
man  is  an  intelligent  being."  Some  are  ;  some  are  not.  (Cer- 
tainly the  "Tree  butcher"  and  "Grape-vine  fool"  are  not).  Ad- 
mitting, however,  that  man  in  general  has  some  intellect,  what 
lias  that  to  do  with  his  being  "fearfully  and  wonderfully  made?" 
An  idiot  may  have  a  better  formed  body  (excepting  the  brain) 
than  the  president  of  a  college. 

You  eat  bread,  meats,  butter,  fruits,  vegetables,  etc.  Can 
you  tell  anything  how  some  quiet,  eli'ectual  and  intelligent 
agencv  separates  the  substances  into  bone,  muscles,  finger-nails, 
hair  and  all  the  other  parts  of  the  body?  Man  knows  absolutely 
nothing  of   how  it  is   done.     Now   pick   up   a  germinating  elm 


Photo  104 
The  Abode  of  Poverty. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


119 


Photo   105,  Easily  Grown. 

seed.  Yon  examine  the  cotyledons,  the  plnmnle  and  radicle. 
You  step  back  five  hundred  feet  from  the  great  Rathbone  Elm. 
You  hold  up  this  little,  new  born,  baby  tree,  then  you  look  at  the 
monarch  of  two  centuries.  Removing  your  hat,  you  draw  near; 
vou  pluck  one  of  its  leaves  ;  you  are  struck  with  its  beauty ;  you 
look  at  its  petiole,  veinlets  and  veinulets  :  you  admire  its  serated 
edge,  (see  Photo  89.)  and  if  you  have  a  microscope,  you  examine 
the  parenchvma  cells  and  stomata :  and  involuntarily  you  ex- 
claim, "It  is  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made!" 

When  we  come'to  the  subject  of  creative  forces  and  under- 
stand how  bodies  are  built  and  all  parts  of  the  food  separated 
and  carried  to  and  used  in  their  right  places,  the  toad  knows  just 
as  much  as  the  man,  and  the  tree  comprehends  as  much  as  the 
toad.  In  this  particular,  all  are  on  a  level.  An  independent  cre- 
ative intluence  is  operating  alike  on  rattle-snake,  horse  and  man  ; 
on  grape-vine,  rose  and  tree  ;  on  tulip,  thistle  and  thorn;  on  mil- 
dew, mold  and  mushroom  :  everywhere— from  the  highest  to  the 
lowest— all  are  moved  and  controlled  by  that  great,  incomprehen- 
sible something  that  we  call  "Life." 


120 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  106 
A  Vine-clad  Home. 


Photo  107 
Wistaria  coverins  Barn. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


121 


But,  after  all,  man  is  a  wonderful  creature.  He  has  powers, 
which,  if  wrongly  directed,  or  not  directed  at  all,  mav  be  used, 
among  other  things,  in  "butchering"  millions  of  dollars  worth  of 
fruit  and  shade  trees,  ruthlessly  destroying  the  world's  forest  and, 
ultimately,  rendering  the  surface  of  the  globe  uninhabitable.    But 


Photo  108 
Japanese  Clematis  in  Bloom. 


the  very  fact  that  a  locomotive  possesses  the  power  to  produce 
a  "wreck"'  proves  tb.at  it  can  be  made  serviceable  to  mankind. 
As  set  forth,  further  on,  in  the  discussion  of  "future  forestry," 
man  must  apply  his  powers  of  thought  for  constructive  purposes. 
He  will  do  so,  he  will  learn  from  the  mistakes  of  the  past.  His 
thought  power  will  gradually  work  into  harmonv  with  the  Di- 


122 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


vine,  he  will  fulfill  the  purpose  for  which  he  was  created  ;  he  will 
learn  that  all  living  forces  are  a  part  of  one  great  whole  ;  that 
God  is  Life,  and,  therefore,  all  Life  is  Divine,  and  that  our  "high 
calling"  IS  to  observe,  to  learn,  to  teach  one  another  what  "laws" 
enter  into  the  development  of  perfect  health  ;  to  assist  in  the  ap- 
plication of  such  laws,  that  Nature  may  hasten  her  great  evolu- 
tionary work  and  that  under  the  man's  intelligent  planting  and 
fostering  "the  desert  shall  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose." 
\\'ith  all  the  l)lunders  and,  apparently,  "cussedness"  of  man.  pub- 
lished in  daily  papers,  he  is  still  a  wonderful  creature!  May  he 
learn  to  better  the  world  and  thereby  glorify  the  Creator  by 
Whom  he  is  so  highly  endowed. 


Photo  109 
Church  at  Sewickley,  Pa. 


CHAPTER  IV 

A  Serious  Situation— City  Pakks  Suffekixg  ix  Coxseouence  of 
Political  CoRRUPTiox— Commissioner  Walgrove's  Statement 
—Practical  Schools  Needed  to  Train  Young  Men  to  Han- 
dle Trees— The  "Boarding  House"- Home  or  Hell?— 
How  to  GrowFlowers— The  "Five  A.m.  Formula" 
—The  Tulip  AND  Hyacinth— The  KosE— The  Rho- 
dodendron —  How    to  Grow   the   Common 
Flowers  —  Ornamental  Plants      Chrys- 
anthemum   Growing —Causes   of 
Failure  —  How   to    Succeed. 

A  SERIOUS  SITUATION. 

When  I  published  the  old  '"Tree  Doctor,"  and  it  was  heart- 
ily endorsed  by  practical  nien,  agricultural  and  horticultural  edi- 
tors, and  men  of  science,  it  was  not  received  by  the  "Tree  men" 
of  large  cities.  I  had  heard  much  of  the  grandeur  of  the  parks 
in  Washington  City.  Boston,  Xew  York  and  other  places.  Oh! 
how  I  longed  to  see  the  fine  specimens  at  the  National  Capitol! 
The  time  came;  but  holy  horrors!  the  very  first  park  I  went  into 
(Smithsonian)  I  found  "butchered"  just  the  same  as  an  ordinarv 
street  of  a  northern  city.  I  went  on  to  Richmond,  \'a.  Surelv 
here  in  this  old  Capitol  of  the  South,  with  the  skill  and  taste  of 
centuries  contributing  to  its  welfare  and  g'lory,  something  re- 
deeming would  be  found!  But  the  very  home  and  resting-place 
of  southern  heroes  is  desecrated  by  the  same  monster — the  tree 
butcher!  I  turned  toward  Bunker  Hill  and,  while  not  so  bad, 
sad  havoc  was  seen  on  every  hand,  in  and  around  "the  hub  of  the 
universe."  The  conditi(~)n  of  the  trees  in  Philadelphia  and  Har- 
risburg  have  alreadv  been  spoken  of,  conditions  woeful  beyond 
description  !  The  ]:)arks  of  Xew  York  are  an  improvement,  but 
they  show  a  lack  of  skill  in  caring  for  the  trees  in  a  manner  to 
prolong  their  lives.     Central  Park  has  some  fine  trees,  but  many 

(  123  ) 


124 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


are  "crotched"  and  split.  Others  are  afflicted  with  huge  wounds 
and  some  with  large  holes  from  which  the  trees  are  rapidly  going 
into  decay.  I  think  that  in  the  city  of  New  York  ther^e  is  a  due 
appreciation  of  the  park  trees  and,  surely,  the  people  cannot  af- 
ford to  lose  them.  But  it  was  in  this  city  that  1  learned  a  lesson 
of  a  very  serious  nature,  which  seems  to  apply  to  all  the  cities, 
and  explains  why  the  trees  are  in  such  a  condition.     Read  care- 


Photo  110 
A  Bank  of  English  Ivy. 

fully  what  follows.  I  think  you  will  be  satisfied  that  all  states 
should  frame  laws  so  that  the  park  commissioners  may  be  en- 
dowed n'ith  powers  by  which  they  can  produce  the  best  results 
on  the  trees  of  their  respective  communities. 

On  June  13,  '06,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  giving  my  stereopticon 
lecture  under  the  auspices  of  the  North-Side  Board  of  Trade  of 
New  York  City.  Hon.  Geo.  I\I.  ^^'algrove,.  commissioner  of 
parks  of  the  borough  of  Bronx,  was  present,  and  asked  me  to 
call  on  him  at  his  office  at  Claremont  Park.    I  did  so.    We  looked 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


125 


over  the  trees  and  found  a  great  number  in  a  very  bad  condi- 
tion. He  asked  me  if  they  could  be  saved.  1  pointed  out  those 
that  could  be  restored,  and  stated  the  approximate  cost.  I  found 
Commissioner  W'algrove  to  be  a  very  honorable  and  candid  man. 
Said  he,  "I  will  now  tell  you  how  I  am  situated.  There  is  just 
so  much  money  appropriated  by  the  city  government  to  run  this 
park  system.     So  much  has  to  be  spent  on  drives,  so  much  for 


Photo  111 
A  luxuriant  Growth. 


this  and  so  much  for  that.  There  is  but  a  small  amount  to  be 
spent  on  trees.  But  the  worst  of  it  is  I  have  no  power  to  hire 
skilled  labor  for  this  work.  The  men  are  sent  to  me  from  the 
Civil  Service  Department,  recommended  as  suitable  persons  to 
look  after  the  trees.  It  is  possible  they  know  enough  to  put  on 
a  pair  of  spurs  and  mutilate  a  tree,  as  they  would  climb  a  tele- 
graph pole ;  they  may  not  know  that  much.  They  may  not 
know  enough  to  grind  an  ax  with  which  they  would  "butcher" 
a  tree.     These  men  are  "recommended"  to  the  Civil  Service  De- 


126 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


^^t^^BBBmiS^^^^*-            **=A£^B| 

i^'"  -- 

^ 

Photo  112 
A  Substitute  for  Awnings, 


partment  for  some  political  service  rendered.  I  have  not  even 
the  power  to  dischargee  them  ;  all  I  can  do  is  send  them  back  to 
the  department  that  sent  them  to  me.  and  prefer  complaint 
against  them.  That  is  how  I  am  situated  ;  I  am  utterly  power- 
less to  do  what  I  would  gladly  do.  and  what  should  be  done  for 
the  good  of  the  cit}-."  I  may  add  that  in  Claremont  Park,  and 
also  in  the  Bronx  Park,  there  are  some  large,  rare,  and  valuable 
trees,  specimens  that  Xew  York  City  cannot  afford  to  lose,  but 
they  are  dying  because  the  curse  of  politics  renders  it  impossible 
to  save  them. 

I  am  not  aware  that  Commissioner  A\'algro\e  intended  the 
foregoing  as  "private  conversation."  Indeed.  I  take  it  for  grant- 
ed that  he  will  be  heartily  glad  for  me  to  put  it  in  print.  Whv 
should  such  a  hustling,  energetic  man.  a  man  with  good  taste 
and  sound  judgment,  have  his  hands  tied  thus  by  the  petty  poli- 
ticians of  New  York  City?     A  man  is  not  supposed  to  be  ap- 


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Photo  113 
The  Charm  of  the  Veranda  is  the  Vine. 


Photo  114 

Beautiful,  but  Hard  on  Trees. 


138 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


pointed  to  such  a  position  unless  lie  has  manly  discretion.  Why 
hamper  him  as  if  he  was  a  ten-year-old  school  boy?  Is  this 
a  specimen  of  "governmental  control?"  If  so,  then  from  "gov- 
ernmental ownership"  "Good  Lord,  deliver  us!" 

I  suggest  that  the  press  of  the  country  take  up  the  work- 
ings of  "Civil  Service  Reform"  and  see  if  it  does  not,  in  itself, 
need  a  reformation.  President  Cleveland  undoubtedly  aimed 
to  correct  an  abuse  ;  "To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils."  But 
it  would  be  well  to  ascertain  whether  a  greater  evil  is  arising 
from  an  usurped,  concentrated  power  by  the  Civil  Service 
Boards. 

A  park  commissioner  should  certainly  have  the  power  to 
expend  the  money  appropriated  for  trees,  in  the  manner  to 
bring  the  best  results.  ]f  the  amount  allowed  for  this  be  too 
little,  let  the  papers  discuss  the  question  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public.  Year  after  year  the  trees  are  perishing  in  the  smaller 
parks,  such  as  Union  Square,  Madison  Square  and  the  like.  As 
set  forth  in  "A  New  Era  in  Tree  Growing,"  the  trees  that  are 


Photo  115,  Nature's  Handiwork. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


129 


dying"  in  those  smaller  parks  might  be  preserved,  some  of  them, 
for  hundreds  of  years.  To  have  the  tine  trees  of  Central  Park 
go  into  premature  decay  through  neglect  or  from  political  evils 
is  a  thing"  that  the  metropolis  cannot;  afford.  The  same  might  be 
said  of  any  other  cit}'.  To  allow  the  selfish  rottenness  of  poli- 
tics, indirectly,  to  ruin  the  park  trees  is  a  thing  that  no  thought- 
ful American  should  tolerate.  Who  will  "move"  to  save  the  city 
park  trees? 

There  is  no  way  in  which  a  correct  estimate  could  be  made 
of  the  damage  done  in  this  country  by  the  "Tree  butcher." 
Look  at  his  criniinal  work  on  the  Poplar  tree  in  Photo  101. 
The  fool  made  up  his  miiul  that  he  would  "make  them  branch 
out !'"  Compare  his  brutal  work  with  Xature's  accomplishments 
in  the  Lime  tree  in  Photo  115,  and  the  arching  of  a  street,  as 
shown  in  Photo  116. 


Photo  116,  An  arched  Street. 


130 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  117,  A  Boarding-House. 

Well,  it  is  no  use  to  spend  more  time  in  "firing'  into"  those 
poor  numskulls  who  are  not  responsible  financially  or  in  any 
other  way  for  the  incalculable  damage  that  they  have  infiicted 
on  the  country.  The  cjuestion  arises,  how  are  we  going  to  stop 
it?  The  first  thing  is  for  the  whole  country  to  recognize  the 
planting  and  care  of  trees  as  a  science.  Whether  recognized  or 
not,  that's  what  it  is,  and  as  long  as  the  ])eople  ignore  the  fact, 
just  that  long  the  country  will  be  over-run  with  illiterate  crea- 
tures, of  all  nationalities,  who.  if  thev  own  an  ax  and  saw,  will 
pose  as  "Tree  men."  If  a  community  must  support  such  a  class 
of  vandals,  raise  your  tax  levy  and  pension  them,  but  keep  them 
away  from  the  trees! 

We  have  agricultural  colleges  that  are  doing  considerable 
good,  but  they  are  not  as  practical  as  they  should  be.  Often  a 
young  man  from  the  city  will  take  a  three  or  four  years'  course 
in  a  college  and  come  out  as  a  "farmer."  What  is  needed  is  not 
simply  a  class  of  graduates  with  diplomas  of  standing  in  the 
classes  of  a  college,  but  workmen.     Tn  this  respect.  Europe  is  a 


%' 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


131 


Photo  118-a,  A  Log  Cabin. 


long  way  ahead  of  us.  I  find  a  very  large  majority  of  the  flor- 
ists, and  gardeners  of  rich  men's  estates,  in  the  east,  are  from 
Europe ;  also  many  of  the  superintendents  of  those  estates. 
^^d^y  take  the  foreigner?  Because  we  are  not  producing  "work- 
men" at  home.  Let  every  state  take  this  matter  up,  and  estab- 
lish institutions  in  wdiich  they  can  turn  out  not  "theorists,"  but 
men  of  practical  knowledge.  While  the  states  are  not — as  yet — 
equipped  for  this  work,  I  am  taking  young  men  out  of  the  col- 
leges and  putting  them  under  special  drill. 

In  Photo  117  you  have  a  view  of  a  first-class  "boarding- 
house."  Here  drifts  the  one  whose  system  is  filled  with  nico- 
tine ;  the  one  whose  body  is  steeped  with  alcohol ;  the  criminal 
who  has  ignored  the  God  of  Nature,  filled  his  stomach  with 
trash  that  would  make  a  dyspeptic  of  the  toughest  dog;  and  last, 
but  not  least,  there  gravitates  to  this  beautiful  spot  the  noble  but 
unwise  man  who  has  nearly  wrecked  that  divine  machinery,  the 
brain,  all  for  what?  To  see  how  much  he  can  "own."  Great 
heart,  manly  soul,  have  you  ever  answered  the  question,  "Who- 
ever 'owned'  anything?"  Cease  to  pay  your  taxes  and  the  State 
will  soon  show  you  who  is  the  "owner."     Go  on  and  pav  your 


132  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

taxes  ami,  in  a  few  years,  death  meets  von  faee  to  face  and,  in 
a  calm  but  tirm  tcjne,  asks,  '■\\'hose  are  all  these  things?"  Here 
in  this  excellent  "boarding-house"  they  all  try  to  forget  those 
antagonizing  forces  that  have  produced  the  gray  hairs,  and 
ruthlessly  plowed  deep  furrows  across  the  once  smooth  brow 
that  received  the  tender  kisses  from  the  mother's  lips,  who  sang 
her  children  to  sleep  in  the  little  log  cabin  whicli  is  still  "though 
lost  to  sight  to  memory  dear."  Here  these  sinners  (for  "sin  is 
the  trangression  of  law" — any  law),  commingle,  drink  mineral 
water  and  recuperate.  As  the  birds  have  twittered  their  last 
vespers,  and  darkness  is  creeping  on,  instinctively  from  mem- 
ory's store-house  there  come  to  the  lips  the  language  of  child- 
hood's early  days :  "Now  I  lay  me  down  to  sleep."  and  with 
that  come  visions  of  mother  or  sister  in  the  old  log  home,  read- 
ing from  the  old  school  book  :  "Turn  backward,  turn  backward, 
Oh,  years  in  your  flight,  make  me  a  child  again  just  for  to- 
night!"  Once  more  the  blessed  angel  spirit  of  mother  seems  to 
hover  over  the  erring  soul  which  fervently  breathes,  "Rock  me 
to  sleep,  mother,  rock  me  to  sleep."  Coming  into  obedience  of 
divine  law.  "He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep,"  and  all  arise  to  hear 
the  song  of  birds,  and  to  remark  :  "How  delightful  it  would  be 
to  return  to  'simple  life.'  "  Well,  blessed  is  he  who  never  de- 
parted from  it ! 

If  you  will  turn  back  to  Photos  103  and  104  3'ou  will  see  a 
strong  contrast  in  two  Pittsburg  abodes.  Either  one  may  be 
"h-o-m-e  or  h-e-1-1."  according  to  the  character  of  the  people 
who  occupy  them ;  for  riches  do  not — in  themselves — make 
demons,  nor  does  poverty — in  itself — make  saints.  It  does. 
however,  sometimes  happen  that  a  mansion  ma}'  be  a  cradle  of 
indiscretion  that  ripens  into  vice,  culminates  in  murder,  followed 
— for  months — with  a  thousand  newspapers  pouring  a  contin- 
uous stream  of  the  vilest  filth  (the  "suit")  into  the  minds  of  mil- 
lions of  youths. 

Young  people,  in  entering  married  life,  whether  vou  secure 
a  "home"  or  a  "hell"  will  depend  not  on  what  you  have  but  what 
you  are.  You  look  into  the  future  and  contemplate  a  "home  ;" 
a  real  "home"  for  yourselves!  Did  you  ever  see  a  "home?" 
Let  me  show  you  one  ;  it  may  be  a  log  cabin,  or  ruder  still. 

The  work  in  the  field  is  done  for  the  dav  ;  Tim  and  Rill  have 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


133 


been  "rubbed  down"  and  are  niuncbing  their  oats  in  a  manner 
that  shows  that  they  are  possessed  of  a  kind  of  unconscious  feel- 
ing that  they  have  performed  their  duty,  and  are  at  peace  with 
all  creation.  Mamma  has  milked  the  "Bossie."  and  cheerily 
calls  toward  the  garden,  "Supper !"  Papa  has  now  washed 
and  is  seated  before  a  plain  table  with  clean  table-cloth  on  which 
are  setting  the  sweetest  milk,  purest  butter,  best  of  bread,  fresh- 
est of  vegetables  and  the  most  wholesome  fruits.     All  are  or- 


Photo  118-b,  The  Dutch  Oven. 


dcrly  seated  and — hush!  "Heavenly  Father,  we  thank  Thee  for 
protection  during  another  day,  and  for  all  the  blessings  of  life  : 
We  ask  Thee  to  watch  over  us  in  the  silent  hours  of  the  coming 
night,  and  help  us  to  live  for  the  glory  of  Thy  name.  Amen." 
Supper  is  over,  and  Flossie  helps  mamma  "do  the  dishes,"  while 
little  brother  goes  with  papa  into  the  garden,  looks  over  the 
vegetables,  then  waters  the  flowers  and  vines.  The  twilight 
deepens;  Jim  and  Bill  and  Bossie  are  "turned  out  to  pasture," 
and  all  are  "washed  up"  in  readiness  to  take  a  peaceful  night  of 
slumber. 


134  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Flossie  reverently  kneels  by  the  mother's  side:  (Silence!  ye 
men  of  bewildered  and  overworked  brains.)  "Our  Father  Who 
are  in  heaven  ;  hallowed  be  Thy  name ;  Thy  kingdom  come  ;  Thy 
will  be  done  on  earth  as  it  is  in  heaven  ;  give  us  day  by  day  our 
daily  bread  and  forgive  us  our  trespasses  as  we  forgive  them 
that  trespass  against  us  ;  lead  us  not  into  temptation  but  deliver 
us  from  evil,  for  Thine  is  the  kingdom,  the  power  and  the  glory, 
Amen.  God  bless  mamma,  and  papa,  and  brother  and  dolly 
and  pussy-cat  and  doggy.  Amen."  Little  brother  is  also 
weary  and  ready  for  a  refreshing  sleep,  and  presents  his  usual 
request:  "Papa,  please  sing  for  me."  Papa  takes  him  in  his 
arms  and  sings : 

"When  mothers  of  Salem  their  children  brought  to  Jesus, 
the  stern  disciples  drove  them  back  and  bade  them  depart ;  But 
Jesus  saw  them  e'er  they  fled  and  sweetly  smiled  and  kindly 
said:    'Suffer  the  children  to  come  unto  me.'  " 

Day  by  day  thus  passes,  and  the  years  roll  by  ;  and  it  is  here 
the  nation's  heroes  are  formed;  for,  as  one  has  said:  "Xo  man 
will  take  up  a  musket  and  fight  for  a  boarding-house,  but  any 
one  will  give  his  life  for  his  home."  "Home"  is  where  pure, 
faithful,  self-sacrificing  spirits  are  blended  in  oneness  of  purity 
of  thought  and  purpose ;  the  nearest  approach  to  heaven  on 
earth.  But  the  bliss  of  the  earthly  paradise  is  not  always  un- 
alloyed. One  evening  little  brother's  head  is  feverish.  The 
doctor  is  called,  and  the  days  go  by,  until,  at  last,  he  presents 
the  request:  "Papa,  w'on't  you  sing  for  me  once  more?"  Mus- 
tering courage,  papa  sings  the  last  verse  of  the  little  mission 
song  that  little  brother  so  much  loved : 

"Oh,  soon  may  the  heathen  of  every  tribe  and  nation. 

Fulfill  lliy  blessed  Word  and  cast  their  idols  all  away : 

Oh  !  shine  upon  them  from  above*  and  show  Thyself  a   God  of 

love  ; 
Sufifer  the  children  to  come  unto  Thee." 

A  little  angel  was  permitted  to  stay  in  tlie  "home"  for  nine 
years,  then  departed. 

Well,  well!  new  bread  for  supper.  See!  they  are  taking 
it  out  of  this  old  Dutch  oven  (Photo  118).     "Here  chickie,  here 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


135 


chickie"  (Photo  119).  I  declare!  fresh  eggs  too!  Who 
woLikhi't  Hke  to  have  a  "home"  on  a  farm,  particularly  in  the 
summer  time? 


Photo    119,    Fresh    Eggs,   too. 


HOW  TO  GROW  FLOWERS. 


There  is  not  one  in  a  thousand  but  loves  flowers — some 
flower.  All  would  like  to  know  how  to  procure  them,  but  very 
few  like  to  comply  with  Nature's  inexorable  laws,  study  and 
work,  by  which  they  are  produced.  It  is  an  universal  law,  that 
which  costs  us  nothing  is  but  slightly  appreciated.  How  many 
have  a  full  appreciation  of  fresh  air  and  sunlight?  What  pro- 
portion of  humanity  is  thrilled  with  the  charm  of  .Spring,  the 
glory  of  Summer,  the  beauty  of  Fall  and  the  voices  of  Winter's 
endless  tales?  ()h,  yes,  all  say,  "it  is  pretty,"  "it  is  lovely,"  "it 
is  too  hot,"  or  "too  cold,"  etc.     There  is  no  stronger  proof  that 


136  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

the  "God  over  all"'  is  infinite  in  his  attributes  than  in  the  fact 
that  He  "bears"  with  the  ingratitude  of  his  erring  children. 
Logically  speaking,  however,  this  long  suffering  is  a  necessity, 
to  a  certain  extent,  because  man  is  to  so  improve  that,  harmon- 
izing with  the  will  of  his  Creator,  he  will  yet  be  the  instrument 
by  whom  this  world  will  be  converted  into  a  paradise,  the  per- 
fection, utility  and  grandeur  of  which,  as  yet  "the  eye  hath  not 
seen  nor  ear  heard,"  and  the  proof  of  these  future  accomplish- 
ments— by  man — lies  in  what  he  has  already  done. 

Do  you  want  to  grow  flowers?  "^'es,  yes,  of  course  we  do." 
All  right ;  intelligence  is  the  first  thing.  In  sixty  years  I  have 
been  able  to  gather  up  a  little  knowledge,  and  I  ofifer  it  to  you  ; 
but  are  you  ready  to  "do  the  doing?"  If  you  will,  then  you  can 
have  "crops"  of  any  kind,  but  we  will  confine  ourselves  to  flower- 
growing  at  present.  I  will  suppose  that  you  are  a  clerk,  me- 
chanic, or  in  a  situation  in  life  that  you  cannot  consistently  hire 
your  work  done.  .\re  you  ready  to  "cut  out"  the  vaudeville, 
club  meetings,  and  all  the  other  night-meetings  which  necessi- 
tate your  being  "called  in  time"  to  eat  a  soft-boiled  egg,  and 
then  run  to  catch  the  car  to  get  to  the  oflice  in  time  to  look  in 
the  mirror — before  }"Our  day's  work  begins — to  see  that  your 
head  is  "silvering"  at  the  age  of  forty?  You  are!  All  right; 
listen  : 

Did  you  ever  dig  a  ditch?  A  real,  underground  drain,  three 
feet  deep,  lay  the  tile,  etc.,  with  your  own  hands?  You  didn't! 
Then  ^■ou  have  missed  half  of  the  j^leasure  of  life!  You  pro- 
ceed thush- :  You  arise  five  A.  'SI.  (four  A.  ]\1.  in  summer)  and 
work  two  hours — real  work;  then  instead  of  your  wife  bending 
over  you  and  whispering,  "Dearie,  it  is  seven-thirty,  you  will  have 
to  hurry  to  catch  the  car.  Is  there  an}-thing  you  would  eat  this 
morning?"  you  will  lay  aside  the  pick,  spade  and  shovel,  and 
as  you  hurry  through  the  hall  to  the  bathroom  yell,  "Hey  there, 
wife,  I'm  as  hungrv  as  a  bear;  got  anything  to  eat?"  So  it 
comes  al)out,  in  a  kind  of  imconscious  way,  having  created  a 
stomach  that  }on  feel  would  digest  rat-tail  files,  the  first  crop 
you  grow  is  that  of  "roses"  on  v(nn"  cheeks,  and  \ou  \\ill  no 
longer  wonder  where  such  rosy  cheeks  have  l)een  procured  by 
the  millions  of  foreigners  that  bless  America,  but  become  them- 
.selves  cursed — when  thev  have  learned  America's  habit  of  turn- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


137 


ing  night  into  day  and  loading  their  stomachs  with  things  that 
would  "debilitate"  a  hog. 

Photo  120  presents  a  very  fine  "flower-bed"  and  the  average 
person  has  no  objection  to  the  crimson  crop  of  strawberries  that 
follows.  But  our  modern  strawberry  is  an  evolution.  In  the 
great  struggle  for  existence,  the  tendency  is  to  strengthen  and 
develop.     This  is  true  in  plant  life  as  well    as    in    animal.     The 


Photo  120 
A  fine  "Flower  Bed." 


Strawberry,  in  the  I'nited  States,  has  received  a  great  deal  of 
attention.  It  sometimes  seems  almost  incredible  the  size  and 
perfection  to  which  it  has  been  brought.  But  another  fact  is 
just  as  forcibly  true,  namely:  cease  to  give  it  the  care  under 
which  it  has  been  "de\eloped"  and  it  speedily  deteriorates. 

If  your  land  is  damp  and  soggv.  the  first  thing  needed  is 
underdrainage.  If  you  can  get  the  "fall."  dig  three  feet  deep, 
(two  and  one-half  mav  do).  The  size  of  the  tile  should  not  be  less 
than  three  inches.     Then  cover  the  tile  with  a  foot  of  cinders, 


138 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  121 
Tulips  Unsurpassed  in  Beauty. 


if  you  can  possibly  procure  them  ;  if  the  cinders  are  used  and  you 
have  a  solid  bottom,  uniform  rise  and  good  outlet,  you  have  a 
drain  that  will  last  for  ages. 

In  my  travels,  I  have  seen  some  very  large  Tulip  beds,  much 
larger  than  those  shown  in  Photo  121.  but  I  never  saw  anvthing 
surpass  their  beauty  and  perfection.  I  took  the  picture  at  Mr. 
Wm.  B.  Barnum's,  Quaker  Ridge,  IMamaroneck,  X.  Y.  Mrs. 
Earnum  is  seen  in  the  photo,  and  "l^ncle  Joe,"  the  Scotchman, 
to  the  left,  evidently  puts  to  good  use  the  education  in  thorough- 
ness characteristic  of  the  training  of  the  old  countries.  Tulips, 
Hyacinths,  and  most  bulbs  should  be  j^lanted  in  the  fall ;  the  lat- 
ter end  of  October  is  a  good  time.  If  your  soil  is  wet.  don't 
forget  the  drainage.  l\ilips  are  great  feeders.  .Sup])ose  you 
have  a  circular  flower  bed.  eight  feet  in  diameter.  Put  a  stake 
in  the  exact  center,  throw  a  string  around  it  ;  strike  the  radius 
that  vou  want ;  draw  a  mark  around  with  a  stick  or  peg.     Take 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  139 

a  spade  and  cut  right  down  in  this  circular  Hue.  Take  out  the 
earth  one  spade  deep,  and  lay  it  outside.  If  the  remaining  soil 
is  good  and  deep,  spread  over  it  about  three  inches  of  well  rotted 
barnyard  manure.  Spade  it  in  and  work  it  up  together  with 
spading  fork. 

You  are  now  ready  for  planting.  Set  your  stake  again  in 
the  center,  draw  a  line  six  inches  within  the  border;  other  lines 
eight  inches  apart,  to  the  center.  Press  the  bulbs  down  in  this 
soil,  full  depth  of  bulb.  Arrange  colors  to  suit  taste.  White 
in  the  center,  then  yellow,  then  red  blend  well.  Now  take  the 
tc^p  la}er  of  earth  which  has  been  laid  aside,  and  spread  all  over 
the  bed,  raising  it  slightly  in  the  center.  Rake  off  in  neat  form, 
and  your  work  is  done.  While  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to 
■"cover"  a  tulip  bed,  yet  by  spreading,  say.  six  inches  of  coarse 
manure  over  it  after  Xew  Year's,  removing  it  about  the  middle 
of  March,  does  give  a  more  uniform  crop.  Proceed  in  the  same 
way  for  the  Hyacinth.  To  grow  the  Tulip  or  Hyacinth  for  the 
window,  put  them  in  four  or  five-inch  pots,  the  same  time  as 
you  make  the  flow^er-bed.  Plunge  the  pots  full  depth  mto  the 
soil,  in  a  sheltered  place.  Upon  freezing,  cover  wdth  a  foot  or 
more  of  coarse  manure.  Carry  to  the  house  as  you  need  them. 
After  placing  in  the  house  avoid  freezing  and  never  let  the  earth 
dry  out. 

'AVhat  about  Photo  120?"  Oh,  yes,  yes.  I  nearly  forgot  to 
tell  you  how  to  grow  Strawberry  flowers.  Good  soil,  clean  of 
weeds  (clean  as  you  can)  and  good  drainage.  A  very  good  way 
is  to  manure  the  ground  heavily  in  spring  and  plant  to  early  po- 
tatoes. Let  no  weeds  grow  before  or  after  digging.  Cultivate 
in  bone-meal  after  potatoes  are  dug.  Adopt  the  Peter  Hender- 
son method  of  setting  "potted  plants,"  the  latter  end  of  August 
or  early  part  of  September.  If  you  have  no  Strawberry  plants, 
it  may  be  your  neighbor  has.  Gather  up  all  the  small  flower 
pots  you  have,  get  permission  to  lay  down  some  runners.  You 
do  it  in  this  way:  Select  healthy  plants,  fill  the  flower  pot  wnth 
soil  and  with  trowel  or  hoe  dig  a  hole  and  sink  it — full  length 
into  the  earth.  Take  the  runner  and  place  the  newly  forming 
bud  right  on  the  earth  in  the  flower-pot.  Put  a  little  stone  back 
of  the  young  bud  that  is  forming  to  hold  it  in  place.  Bv  the  end 
of  August  the  flower-pot  will  be  full  of  roots  and.  if  you  make 


140 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


your  new  bed  from  this  kind  of  plants,  you  will  have  a  nice 
flower-bed  next  spring,  plus  the  fruit.  You  practically  gain  'me 
season  by  this  method.  This  first  summer  no  weeds  should  be 
tolerated,  and  the  second  season  you  will  get  a  mammoth  crop. 
That  should  be  the  last  of  this  plantation,  because  it  is  difiicult 
to  keep  down  the  weeds,  and  it  is  cheaper  to  make  a  new  setting 
every  season,  spading  or  plowing  the  old  plantation  under  and 
"rotating"'  with  some  other  crop. 


Photo  122,  Dogwood  in  Spring. 

If  you  cannot  procure  the  potted  plants,  prepare  the  ground 
and  have  it  clean  of  weeds,  as  before  suggested,  but  set  your 
plants  in  rows  three  feet  a])art,  and  plants  in  the  row,  fifteen 
inches  apart,  as  soon  as  the  frost  is  out  of  the  ground  in  spring 
and  it  is  dry  enough  to  work.  Let  no  weeds  grow  during  the 
season  and  cut  off  the  main  runners,  and  the  next  season  vou 
will  have  a  big  crop.  Some  run  them  on  for  yet  another  season, 
but  it  is  almost  impossible  to  control  the  weeds. 

In  Photo  122  you  have  a  glimpse  of  a  very  attractive  "Dog- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


141 


wood."  These  i^row  finely  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soils  but  are 
not  favorable  to  wet,  heavy  lands.  Drainage  is  the  only  thing 
that  would  induce  them  to  do  well  in  the  heavy  soils.  Their 
beauty  of  coloring",  in  the  fall,  is  ecjual  to  their  charm  in  spring. 
Shortly  after  the  Dogwood,  come  the  flowers  of  the  abundant 
blooming  "Black  Locust."  so-called.  This  is  one  of  the  greatest 
honey  producers.      (See  Photo  123). 


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4.  tfc. 

t'M 

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Kx^nt^ 

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WW 

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Photo  123 
The  Black  Locust  in  Flower. 

A  WOEFUL  MISTAKE. 

I  came  to  this  countrv  ( X'orthern  ( )hio)  in  1873.  Tn  the 
late  spring  and  earlv  summer  months  "all  X^ature  teemed  with 
delightful  existence."  Bees  were  buzzing  and  humming  on  all 
hands.  The  wild  bees  were  yet  in  abundance  in  the  hollow  trees 
of  the  native  woodlands,  but  as  the  forests  yielded  to  the  brutal 
ax.  the  "bee  hunter"  "got  a  corner"  on  the  busy,  beneficial,  but 
helpless  little  creatures,  and  to-day  there  is  scarcely  a  colony  of 
wild  bees  to  be  found  in  a  single  county  in  Ohio.  At  the  same 
time,  epidemics  have  spread  among  the  domestic  bees,  and  w^e 


142 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


liave  not  a  tentli  of  those  faithful  httle  workers  that  we  need  to 
convey  the  pollen  grains  to  the  particular  organs  of  the  flower 
in  such  a  limited  time  as  we  frequently  have  between  showers 
at  the  time  when  trees  and  Aines  are  in  bloom.  Talk  of  bvigs 
and  insects  destroying  trees!  Is  there  any  class  of  insects,  or 
all  combined,  that  have  done  as  much  mischief  as  man  himself? 
He  has  destroyed  the  forests  and  dried  uj)  the  streams  ;  he  has 
butchered  the  buffalo  and  nearly  all  the  '"game,"  not  sparing  the 
song  birds,  and  even  robbed  and  killed  his  little  innocent  friends 
— the  Bees.  Yet  this  destroyer  is  to  be  the  restorer  and  the  in- 
strument of  universal  redemption.  The  great  crime  of  all 
crimes — of  humanity — is  selfishness.  But  the  time  is  now  at 
hand  when  man  will  learn  that  happiness  consists  not  in  living 
for  self,  but  to  live  and  plant  for  those  who  follow. 

ROSE  GROWING. 

No  rose,  perhaps,  has  ever  so  "agreeably  surprised"  the  peo- 
ple as  has  the  "Crimson  Rambler."     Years  ago  I  learned  to  "go 


Photo  124,  A  Sturdy  Rambler. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


143 


?^^' 

^^kJe;ir^laBa 

i:..idib 

^ 

:    '  ^'       ''■ 

■■    ■:'■'  r: ,: 

''^^. 

^'^^^   if  '  '  * 

m 

Photo  125 
Ramblers  are  Prolific  Bloomers. 


slow  on  novelties."  The  first  Crimson  Rambler  I  saw  made  no 
growth  for  two  years,  and  it  looked  like  a  "frand."  After  its 
merits  were  learned.  I  planted  some  myself.  They  were  set  in 
September.  From  the  following  April  to  September  they  grew 
over  nine  feet.  This  was  no  "happenstance."  The  soil  was  a 
loose  sand,  but  for  each  plant  a  hole  was  dug  four  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  four  feet  deep.  This  was  filled  with  two  parts  clay  sod, 
and  one  part  well  rotted  barnyard  manure.  Good,  strong,  one- 
year-old  plants  were  used,  cutting  them  back,  and  covering 
them,  after  Christmas,  till  spring.  Photo  124  shows  a  strong 
old  Rambler,  cut  back,  and  the  vigorous,  lower,  young  branches 
tied  down  to  a  frame,  and  three  young  canes  tied  up  to  a  sup- 
port in  the  center,  rudely  representing  an  old-fashioned  candle- 
stick. \Mien  in  bloom,  the  whole  was  a  blaze  of  glory.  Photo 
125  shows  what  a  prolific  bloomer  the  plant  is.  In  making  rose- 
beds,  remember  that  drainage  is  absolutely  necessary  if  the  situ- 
ation is  wet  and  soggy,  for  though  the  rose  delights  in  clay  soils 
it  cannot  stand  to  be  "wet-footed."     If  the  soil  is  of  a  clav  tex- 


144 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


tvirc,  add  a  ])leiity  of  old,  cow  nuuuire  and  work  it  in  deep,  and 
tlie  results  will  he  a  fine  crop  of  roses.  As  l)efore  intimated,  if 
you  ha\e  sand  or  loose  graxel,  it  must  ])e  removed  and  the  clay 
(not  "raw  clay,"  as  one  would  make  l)ricks  of,  hut  a  cla}-  sod  and 
subsoil — all  mixedj  must  he  suhstituted.  In  pruning'  (which 
should  be  done  only  in  the  sprins^j,  cut  out  all  old  wood,  and 
one-half  of  the  weaker  of  the  new  wood  and  slightly  shorten 
back  the  remaining  ones.  Don't  buy  your  roses  or  other 
plants  of  "Tree  agents."  Send  direct  to  the  nursery,  and  you 
will  be  apt  to  get  what  you  call  for,  as  it  is  to  the  interest  of  all 
such  firms  to  keep  up  their  reputation. 

THE  RHODODENDRON. 

Photo  126  gives  a  view  of  a  neat  batch  of  Rhododendrons. 
This  is  one  of  the  plants  in  particular  whose  home  it  is  necessary 
to   take    into    consideration.     Where    do   you    find    it    a   native? 


Photo  126,  Rhododendrons. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


145 


Photo  127 
Wistaria  over  Entrance  to  Garden. 

About  the  same  place  in  wliich  you  find  the  T^ennsylvania  Laurel, 
in  the  woods  or  on  the  ledges  of  rock  where  one  would  some- 
times think  it  could  hardly  have  a  chance  to  live.  But  here, 
among-  the  fragments  of  rocks,  covered  with  decayed  leaves,  it 
derives  its  main  support  from  the  moisture  condensed — in  sum- 
mer— by  the  cooling  stones  under  and  among  which  it  rambles 
with  perfect  delight.  In  planting  Rhododendrons  avoid  heavy 
clay  soils.  See,  first,  that  the  drainage  is  good,  then  use  leaf 
mould  and  sand ;  or  light  "muck"  will  take  the  place  of  leaf 
mould.  After  the  plants  are  set,  spread  over  the  surface  three  or 
four  inches  of  rough  gravel  or  crushed  stone.  Through  this 
you  can  water  freely  in  summer,  and  develop  both  plant  and 
fiower  buds  before  fall.  Failure  to  make  this  provision  for  get- 
ting water  to  the  roots  results  in  immature  flower  buds  which  are 
killed  by  severe  "cold  spells."  The  north  side  of  a  building  is 
the  proper  place  for  them,  but  if  you  must  put  them  where  the 
bright  sun  will  strike  them — in  winter — cover  them  with  ever- 
green boughs,  cornstalks  or  something  that  will  shade  them, 
or  their  leaves  will  "blister"  and  the  plant  be  materially  injured. 
Photo  127  shows  the  pretty  efifect  of  the  Wistaria  trained 
over  the  entrance  to  the  vegetable  garden.  The  heavy  vine  on 
the  end  of  the   barn,   shown   in   Photo   107,   is   also   a   Wistaria. 

lO 


146 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Imagine  the  glory  of  this  vine  wlicn  in  fnll  l)loom  !  America  is 
a  country  of  "homes."  ( )h  !  that  people  would  study  the  life  of 
plants  and  trees  and  make  it  a  nation  of  vine-clad  homes! 

Photo  128  is  a  demonstration  of  the  fact  that  there  is  seldom 
such  a  thing  as  "can't."  Right  at  that  spot  was  an  old  road-bed 
(now  in  the  lawn)  where  cinders  and  all  matter  unfavorable  to 


Photo  128 
Thriving  on  an  old  Road-bed. 


plant  life  had  been  scattered.  It  is  desired  to  put  a  Hawthorn 
tree  there.  Very  well,  strike  a  circle  eight  feet  in  diameter ;  now 
dig  to  a  depth  of  three  feet ;  done.  Now  fill  with  sods,  soil,  ma- 
nure, etc.  We  plant  the  Hawthorn  ;  growing  finely.  Around  it, 
and  about  eighteen  inches  from  it,  is  a  ring  of  the  Japanese  Iris, 
a  gorgeous  charm  in  the  latter  part  of  July.  Then  outside 
(hold  on,  don't  pick  them!)  a  ring  of  vigorous,  healthy  Asters. 
Oh,  don't  say  can't ;"  yes,  you  can  grow  plants  almost  anywhere. 
A  neighbor  has  some  choice  varieties  of  hardy  Phlox  ;  they  go 
to  seed  ;  next  spring  the  young  seedlings  come  up  thick,  and  a 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


147 


boy  lifts  some  of  them  and  puts  a  row  throui^h  tlie  midst  of  the 
vegetable  garden.  Look  at  them  in  I'hotcT  129.  "1  wish  1 
conld."  1  tell  von,  you  can!  Intelligence  and  work — that's  all. 
Photo  130  and  131  is  the  Hydrangea  Hortensis  in  bloom  in 
August,  at  Mr.  Julian  T.  Davis'  beautiful  residence,  at  "Second 
Beach,"  New^port.  R.  I.  (Rlur  in  Photo  181  is  not  in  the  house, 
but  on  the  negative.)     The  effect  of  the  Atlantic  breeze  is  no- 


v^' 

Photo  129 
A  Row  of  Hardy  Phlox. 

ticeably  modifying  for  many  miles  inland.  This  Hydrangea  will 
not  "winter"  with  us  in  middle  and  northern  Ohio.  Neither  will 
the  English  Ivy.  Yet  in  the  region  of  Xew  York  it  does  well. 
Xo  healthier  growth  of  the  English  Ivy  could  be  found  than  is 
covering  an  embankment  at  Mr.  Wm.  Rockefeller's  place,  as 
shown  in  Photo  110. 

In  sending  out  a  book  of  this  kind,  covering  such  a  wide 
range  of  territory,  no  rule  can  be  laid  down  as  to  what  kind  of 
plants  to  use.  Learn  what  is  suitable  to  your  locality  by  inquir- 
ine  and  observation. 


148 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


■      ■  ■  . 

.:'^?^^.^is^> 

^'^          j'-^Hg 

'^ -i^sitSE^'^ 

@s 

.   '  -. , 

•-.^'i^M:^ 

i 

! 

-t 

m 

.,.., 

iiiri::» 

I,p3a 

m^t^ 

K, 

._   .3 

Phcto   130 
Hydrangeas  in  full  Bloom. 


Photo  131 
Residence  of  Julian  T.  Davis,  Newport,  R.  I. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


149 


A  well-meaning  person  went  to  the  expense  of  buying  and 
planting  Nasturtium  seeds  (see  Photo  132;)  they  were  the  tall- 
growing  kind,  but  it  does  not  look  like  it  now,  on  the  twentieth 
of  August.  AMiat's  the  matter?  Starved.  An  ignorant  day- 
laborer  was  hired  to  "make  the  flower-bed."  He  dug  up  the  soil, 
and  the  good  people  planted  the  seed  and  talked  and  dreamed  of 


Photo  132,  Starved  Nasturtiums. 


the  "loads  of  flowers"  that  tliey  would  gather  from  this  "great 
big  bed!"  Now  they  vow  they  will  "never  buy  another  package 
from  that  seed  firm  !" 

Next  spring.  ad(3])t  the  five  o'clock  rising.  First  morning, 
take  the  top  layer  of  soil  ofif  where  the  flower-bed  is  going  to  be 
and  lav  it  aside,  then  if  von  are  down  to  gravel,  clay  or  "hard- 


150 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  133 
They  Rambled  out  into  the  Driveway. 


pan,"  dig  this  out  and  wheel  it  away.  Excavate  not  less  than 
eighteen  inches  deep.  Next  morning,  fill  in  with  old  sods,  good 
soil  and  well  rotted  manure.  If  you  have  none  on  hand  have  it 
hauled.  Finish  off  the  bed  and  plant  the  seed,  three  or  four  in  a 
launch.  Just  press  them  lightly  into  the  soil  and  lay  a  little  stone 
over  them.  This  little  stone — an  inch  or  an  inch  and  one-half  in 
diameter — will  preserve  moisture  and  prevent  a  hard  crust  form- 
ing and  give  vou  a  chance  to  hoe  all  the  earth  between  where  the 
seeds  are.  Put  the  little  bunches  of  seeds  about  a  foot  apart. 
Very  soon  the  new-born  babes  appear,  and  after  a  few  weeks  they 
grow,  and  grow,  and  grow!  They  run  out  over  the  drive-way, 
(see  Photo  133.)  u])  on  the  buslies,  out  o\er  the  fence,  and  shout, 
"Give  us  rooui — more  room!"  and  you  will  have  to  call  in  the 


Photo  134 
Occasional  Shorn  Trees  are  to  be  Recommended  for  the  Country. 


Photo  135 
Boston  Ivy  will  Cover  a  Wall  Completely. 


152 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


neighbors  to  help  you  train  the  vines  and  gather  the  long-stem- 
med flowers.  "Luck!"  Yes,  sirs;  nothing  beats  the  five  A.  M. 
rising  formula  for  "luck." 

In  Photo  132  in  the  distance  is  seen  what  was  intended  to 
be  a  "foliage-bed."  Contrast  the  bed  shown  in  Photo  135.  The 
man  who  made  this  bed  understood  his  business.     Ricinus  are 


Photo  136 
Used  as  a  Screen. 


used  for  the  center  of  both.     Cannas  for  the  outside  of  the  for- 
mer, Caladium  Esculentum  for  the  latter. 

How  nicely  old  piles  of  debris  can  be  hidden  from  view  by 
planting  a  few  morning-glory  seeds,  with  sun-flowers  back,  as 
shown  in  Photo  136.  If  you  have  the  grave-yard  of  fifty  cats, 
the  outlet  of  a  sink  drain,  or  a  pile  of  old  tin  cans  over  the  fence 
which  your  neighbor  refuses  to  move,  two  five-cent  packages  of 
seed  and  one  five  A.  ]\I.  rising  will  remedy  the  whole  trouble.  If 
you  have  a  big  rock  on  the  lawn  that  you  cannot  remove,  or  any 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


153 


other  object  not  exactly  agreeable  to  look  upon,  dig  down  deep 
around  it  and  plant  a  package  of  seeds,  preferably  vines.  Those 
seen  in  Photo  137  are  the  dwarf  Nasturtiums. 


Photo  137,  Dwarf  Nasturtiums. 


THE  CANNA. 

The  superb  bed  of  Cannas  in  Photo  138  was  fourteen  feet 
high  in  the  center.  These  were  the  old  tall-growing,  bronze  va- 
riety. Robusta.  It  was  surrounded  with  the  "golden-bedder"' 
Coleus.  The  "good  luck"  of  this  gentleman  came  from  digging 
the  bed  (in  elliptical  form)  three  feet  deep.  In  the  filling,  one 
big  two-horse  wagon  load  of  cow  manure  was  worked  in.  As 
the  plants  grew  they  were  fed  twice  a  week  with  nitrate  of  soda. 

In  the  last  fifteen  years  special  attention  has  been  given  to 
the   French   flowering  Cannas.   as   thev  are   called.     The  hvbri- 


154 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  138 
Superb  bed  of  Cannas. 


Photo  139,  Flowering  Cannas. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


155 


dizers  have  worked  with  a  view  of  perfecting-  the  Hower  even 
though  it  may  dwarf  the  plant.  A  very  fine  display  of  the 
"tiowering"  sorts  are  shown  in  Photo  139.  A  beautiful  contrast 
is  brought  out  by  the  use  of  the  variegated  Abutilon  as  a  border 
plant,  seen  in  the  picture.  This  is  at  Mr.  Robt.  Pitcairn's,  Ells- 
worth Ave.,  Pittsburg.  Pa. ;  and  very  high  credit  is  due  Mr.  Robt. 
A.  Smith,  florist  to  the  establishment,  (he  is  seen  among  the 
Cannas,)  for  his  efficient  services  in  producing  such  excellent  re- 
sults. In  growing  "foliage  plants."  (that  is,  those  grown  for 
the  display  of  the  leaf,)  feed  heavily,  the  richer  the  food,  the  bet- 
ter the  foliage. 

The  Echeverias  are  now  used  with  very  marked  efifective- 
ness  in  ornamental  tiower-beds.  Photo  140  was  a  most  exquis- 
ite piece  of  work.  This  I  found  in  a  small  park  in  Allegheny, 
Pa.  Would  gladly  "give  credit"  to  the  one  wdio  executed  the 
splendid  design,  but  did  not  learn  his  name.  As  can  be  seen, 
a  mound  was  raised  and  planted  with  the  dififerent  shades  of  Al- 
thernantheras,  a  panel  being  used  for  the  figure  so  finely  planned 


,  i-^:^^^  "^'^^WMHKSMf 

Pm 

pSj 

yi-'r     ■       ■                                  1 

-  "  -'  ■    '  '  'r     ^  - 

Photo  140 
Skillful  Work  in  Small  Park,  Allegheny,  Pa. 


156 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


and  wrought.  The  figure  is  constructed  with  the  Echeverias, 
small  plants  being  used  for  the  throat  and  face,  while  the  larger 
and  coarser  represent  the  hair  and  drooping  curls.  A  very  little 
Althernanthera  is  used  for  the  eye-brow. 

On  a  larger  scale  and  equally  ingenious  is  the  train  of  cars, 
shown  in  Photo  141.  This  is  on  the  far  side  of  the  railroad,  at 
the  entrance  to  Woodlawn  Cemetery,  New  York.    You  can  imag- 


Photo  141 
Train  of  Cars  in  Flowers,  Woodlawn  Cemetery,  New  York. 


ine  the  fine  figuring  required  to  produce  this  design  in  such  per- 
fection. All  the  light  portions  seen  are  the  Echeverias.  The 
contrasting  shades  are  produced  by  the  same  little,  low-growing, 
bronze  Althernanthera.  These  arc  worked  in  to  produce  the 
dark  shades  of  the  car  windows,  and  the  other  dark  shades  above 
and  below  on  the  embankment.  To  those  who  are  not  acquaint- 
ed with  it,  I  will  say  the  Echeverias  are  a  flat,  low-growing, 
fleshy  plant,  known  by  the  old  name  of  "hen  and  chickens." 
The  house-leek  which  grows  on  the  old  thatched  roofs  in  Great 
T'ritain  belongs  to  this  family.  In  growing  these  i)lants,  also  the 
Althernantheras,  the  order  is  somewhat  reversed   in   the  matter 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  157 

of  "feeding'."  Instead  of  digging"  deep  and  filling-  in  with  ma- 
nnre,  the  florist  takes  sand  and  clay,  and  perha))s  a  little  bone- 
meal  and  aims,  while  it  is  kept  growing-,  to  ])roduce  a  stunted 
condition  of  the  plant.     This  brings  out  coloring,  like  the  leaves 


Photo  142 
The  Golden-bedder  skirting  Walk. 

of  a  thirsty,  half-starved  maple  tree  will  "turn" — even  in  sum- 
mer. While  the  work  of  a  florist  is  arduous,  it  is  fraught  with 
endless  pleasure,  and  surely  he  lives  not  in  vain ! 

Remember  "foliage  plants"  in  general,  require  high  feeding. 
Make  Coleus  beds  as  rich  as  vou  like. 

It  is  all  a  matter  of  taste  as  to  w^hat  plants  any  person  or 


158 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  143 
Everyone  should  Grow  Lilies. 

family  shall  use.  A  friend  of  mine  says,  "1  hate  a  Coleus  ;  would 
not  have  one  in  my  lawn."  Personally,  I  admire  them,  both  be- 
cause they  ha\e  brilliant  colors  and  Ijccause  thev  make  a  display 
quicker  than  any  other  plant.  The  old  \^erchififclti  and  Golden- 
bedder  are  two  of  the  standards  for  out-of-door  plantin^j;  they 
can  be  seen  in  the  two  rows  skirting  the  entrance  walk,  in  I'hoto 
142.  Those  are  highly  fed,  as  the  Coleus  always  must  be  to  give 
satisfaction.  A  friend  of  mine  committed  a  serious  blunder. 
He  made  the  Coleus  bed  "good  and  rich,"  and  ])lanted  on  the  out- 
er border  a  row  of  blue  Ageratums.  The  Coleus  made  a  marvel- 
ous growth,  so  did  the  Ageratums;  they  grew,  and  grew,  and 
grew,  but  produced  no  flowers.  Some  people  make  the  same  mis- 
take with  the  Geranium  ;  in  rich  soil  they  will  grow  all  to  leaf, 
great  leaves  as  large  as  a  pie-plate,  but  no  flowers,  or  very  few. 
Make  up  your  mind  what  is  going  in  this  bed.  what  in  that,  etc., 
then    i)re]:)are    the    soil    accordingly.     If    it    is    to    be    Caladium. 


The  tree  doctor 


159 


Canna,  Colcus,  Lenion-verljeiia,  any  of  the  scented  Geraniums, 
in  short,  any  plant  that  you  may  be  growing  to  form  a  show  of 
leaves,  like  the  Ricinus  or  those  already  mentioned,  then  dig 
deep  and  use  fertilizer  almost  without  limit.  But  should  you 
attempt  to  get  bloom  under  such  conditions  (except  the  "flower- 
ing Cannas")  you  will  fail,  because  such  high  feeding  produces 
the  same  effect  on  all  plants — heavy  foliage.  I'or  all  flowering 
plants,  one  would  select  a  medium  quality  soil.  Abotit  what 
you  find  in  the  average  vegetable  garden  is  just  right.  Such 
soil  is  usually  rich  enough  to  produce  a  healthy  growth,  and  at 
the  same  time  not  so  rich  as  to  force  it  all  to  top. 


Photo  144 
Orchids  and  Tropical  Plants, 


160 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


THE  LILY. 

Lilies  can  be  well  fed  and,  in  order  to  get  them  to  do  well, 
the  bed  should  be  "made."  i.  e. ;  dig  everything  out  to  the  depth 
of,  say  eighteen  inches.  If  too  wet,  attend  to  draining,  tramp 
in  old  leaves  and  litter  in  the  bottom,  then  use  old  sods  and  well- 
rotted  manure,  filling  in  fvilly  a  foot.  Set  bulbs,  and  cover  to 
nearly  surface  with  light  soil,  or  sand  and  soil  mixed.  As  the 
earth  settles  down  use  about  three  inches  of  coarse  gravel  on 
top.  The  object  of  using  this  gravel  is  to  prevent  drying  out, 
and  to  keep  the  ground  cool.  Lilium  Auratum,  the  "Gold-banded 
Lily,"  should  be  in  every  garden.  See  a  fine  specimen  in  Photo 
143.     Flowers  are  three  feet  from  the  ground. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  I  freciuently  refer  to  coarse  gravel 
or  crushed  stone  being  put  on  the  top.  The  purpose  of  this  is 
root  protection.     Alillions  of  plants  are  annually  destroyed  be- 


Photo  145 
Use  Boxes,  not  Pots. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  161 

cause  people  have  not  been  echicated  to  take  care  of  the  roots. 
They  freely  spend  money  to  i)rocure  plants,  then  take  them 
home  and  keep  them  in  the  little  earthen-ware  flower  pots  in 
which  they  are  grown— for  convenience — in  the  greenhouse. 
They  put  them  on  the  window-sill,  table,  stand  or  anywhere, 
and  sometimes  water  them,  sometimes  not,  then  wonder  why 
the  leaves  drop  olT !  and  ask  "if  there  isn't  a  worm  or  bug  at  the 
root,"  and  complain  that  they  have  "no  luck  with  plants." 
How^  many  people  get  "luck"  with  the  Fern?  Hereafter,  instead 
of  trying  to  grow  it  in  a  six-inch  flower-pot,  with  roots  dried  out, 
make  a  neat  box,  like  you  see  in  Photo  145,  (at  Mr.  E.  H.  Jen- 
nings', h^ifth  Ave.,  Pittsburg.  Pa..)  using  plenty  of  leaf-mold  or 
some  light  soil ;  plant  out  in  this  box.  keep  well-watered  in  hot 
weather,  and  you'll  get  "good  luck"  as  sure  as  I  am  telling  it  to 
you. 

You  should  bear  in  mind  that  a  plant,  while  in  the  green- 
house, is  surrounded  by  a  moist  atmosphere  which  is  preserved 
by  watering,  spraying,  or  dampening  the  floors  ;  hence,  wdiile  a 
plant  is  kept  there  it  will  remain  fresh,  like  the  orchids,  hanging 
overhead,  or  the  tropical  foliage  plants,  seen  to  the  left,  in  Photo 
1-1:4.  The  most  favorable  place  in  the  dwelling-house  for  a 
potted  plant  is  the  kitchen  ;  the  steam  from  the  cooking  makes 
almost  a  greenhouse  atmosphere,  but  the  tops  would  not  suffer 
so  badly  in  the  other  (dry)  rooms  if  one  would  give  the  needed 
root  protection.  It  is  a  mistake  to  try  to  "winter"  a  large  num- 
ber of  plants  in  the  ordinary  house.  A  few  Begonias.  Fuchsias, 
Geraniums.  Primulas  and.  later,  bringing  in  the  potted  bulbs,  are 
all  that  should  be  attempted.  There  is  but  very  little  satisfac- 
tion from  the  attempt  to  grow  Roses  and  Carnations  in  the  av- 
erage living-room.  A  good-sized  Begonia  can  be  kept  growing 
in  a  four-inch  pot  if.  once  a  vear  (in  August),  the  plant  be  turned 
out  of  the  flower-pot.  the  ball  of  earth  plunged  in  a  pail  of  water 
and  nearly  all  the  earth  carefully  soaked  off.  and  repotted  again. 
For  this  purpose,  if  vou  have  not  good  "potting  soil"  on  hand, 
purchase  some  of  your  florist. 

In  potting  or  re-potting  a  plant,  always  put  gravel,  cinders 

or  some  other  substance  in  the  bottom  for  drainage;  and  don't 

fill  the  pot  quite  full  of  earth  ;  leave  it  below  the  rim  an  inch  or 

so,  so  that  it  can  "take  water."     Then,  if  you  will  take  a  larger 

1 1 


162 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


ilower-pot,  say  six  inclics,  put  gravel  in  the  l)ottom  raising  it 
high  enough  so  that  you  can  stand  the  four-inch  one  (having  the 
plant)  right  in  the  center  and  l)ringing  the  top  on  a  level  with 
the  outer  one.  and  then  idl  the  space  between  the  outer  and  in- 
ner crocks  with  sand,  your  plant,  thus  treated,  will  do  at  least 
five  hundred  per  cent,  better  than  those  that  are  left  in  the  ordi- 
nary way.  Certainly  there  is  more  pleasure  with  one  good  plant 
than  a  dozen  half-dead  ones. 

X>w  York  City  imagine  they  have  a  superb  collection  of 
plants  in  their  conservatory  at  the  Bronx  Park  ;  but  the  Phipps 
Conservatory  in  Shenley  Park,  Pittsburg,  or,  rather,  the  plants 
therein,  are  an  hundred  })er  cent,  ahead  of  those  of  the  Bronx. 
It  would  be  difficult,  indeed,  to  surpass  the  quality  of  the  Pitts- 
burg plants,  or  the  skill  displayed  in  their  management.  Photo 
146  shows  the  naturalness  of  one  of  the  tropical  lily  ponds.     The 


Photo  146 
Tropical  Lily  Pond,  Phipps  Conservatory,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


163 


Photo  147 
Cacti,  Phipps  Conservatory,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

huge  rubber-like  lea\es  of  \ictoria  Regina  are  so  large  that,  by 
placing  boards  on  them  and  a  chair,  they  have  held  up  an  ordi- 
nary woman.  In  March  they  have  the  finest  display  of  Cin- 
erarias that  I  have  ever  beheld  and  the  Calceolarias,  a  little  later, 
are  equallv  as  line. 

Perhaps  neither  Mr.  Phipps  nor  any  of  his  friends  have  ever 
been  able  to  measure  what  seems  like  an  immeasurable  influence 
for  good  that  this  bestowment  has  been  to  hvmdreds  of  thou- 
sands of  the  people  of  that  city.  It  is  not  only  interesting,  but 
bordering  on  the  pathetic,  to  watch  the  holy  influence  of  the 
flowers  and  plants,  as  mute  messengers  of  Heaven,  alike  on  child- 
hood, youth  and  age  ;  on  the  poor  as  well  as  the  rich  ;  on  the  il- 
literate foreigner  as  effectually  as  on  the  American  man  of  let- 
ters. One  of  the  "wings"  of  the  conservatory  is  occupied  with 
Cacti.     Photo  147  is  a  glimpse  from  one  end  of  this  department. 


164 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Quite  a  number  of  varieties  can  be  seen  in  the  photo.  The  one 
called  by  some  "the  cushion  Cactus"  is  noticeable.  However, 
as  far  as  I  can  gather,  every  man  prefers  that  "the  other  fellow" 
shall  make  the  test  as  to  whether  it  is  a  comfortable  seat  before 
he  "makes  the  ^■enture."  It  is  really  a  wonder  that  the  Cactus 
is  not  inore  generally  grown  as  a  house  plant,  wdien  one  con- 
siders the  inexpressible  beauty  of  many  of  their  flowers. 


Photo  148 

Flowers  of  the  Night-blooming  Cereus. 


Probably  no  plant  excites  more  interest  than  those  com- 
monly known  as  the  Night-blooming  Cereus.  Nothing  equals 
the  exquisite  beauty  of  these  nocturnal  visitors  in  all  the  deli- 
cate, wax-like  structure  of  its  flower,  with  fragrance  unsur- 
passed. The  flat-leaved  variety  commonly  called  "Night-bloom- 
ing Cereus"  is  a  Phyllocactus.  The  flowers  of  one  of  these  are 
shown  in  Photo  148.  This  picture  was  taken  about  ten  o'clock 
at  night  by  the  aid  of  a  common  lamp,  with  fifteen  minutes'  ex- 
])Osure.  The  jdant  was  photographed  the  following  day  as 
shown  in  number  14il,  on  the  lady's  lap.  It  seems  strange  that 
more  of  these  wonderful,  desert  plants  are  not  adopted  by  the 
people. 

There  was  a  remarkable  coincidence  in  connection  wdth  this 
"night-bloomer,"    a    few    years    ago.     I    was  twelve  miles  from 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


165 


home  one  night  (17th  of  September,  I  think)  and  the  whole  com- 
munity was  interested  over  the  blooming  of  one  of  those  shown 
in  the  two  accompanying  photos.  It  was  a  large  plant  and  had 
seventeen  flowers  in  all.  On  our  way  we  passed  a  house  where 
there  was  a  "slip,"  a  year  old,  from  the  one  we  were  going  to 
see ;  this,  also,  had  two  fine  expanded  flowers.  The  following 
week  the  papers  reported  that  Mrs,  called  in  the  neigh- 


Photo  149 
Plant  which  Bore  Flowers  shown  in  Photo  148. 


bors  to  see  the  glory  of  her  Night-blooming  Cereus  which  had 
eleven  flowers,  (on  the  same  night  as  the  two  above  described,) 
and  a  Cleveland  paper  reported  the  blooming  of  a  very  large  one 
in  Bedford,  (O.)  the  same  night.  About  a  month  after,  passing 
a  house  eight  miles  from  home  and  seeing  one  of  these  plants,  a 
ver}'  large  one.  the  lady  remarked.  "You  should  have  seen  it 
when  in  bloom."     Tracing  back  to  the  date,  it  seemed  to  be  the 


166 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


same  as  the  others,  or  the  night  after.  This  coincidence  might 
have  just  "happened,"  but  it  is  worthy  of  consideration  by  lovers 
of  these  strange  plants. 

It  is  a  known  fact  that  the  Cactus  will  stand  a  good  deal  of 
"hard  usage,"  but  it  does  not  follow  that  it  is  wise  to  neglect  or 
abuse  them.  Good  drainage  and  light  soil  is  what  they  need  ; 
soil  that  is  composed  of  rotted  sods,  sand  and  leaf-mould.  There 
is  nothing  easier  grown,  or  prettier  for  winter  than  what  is 
known  as  the  "Crab  Cactus,"  especially  when  grafted  into  a 
stronger  grower. 


Photo  150,  Pruning  Altheas, 

Among  the  interesting  flowering  shrubs  are  the  "Altheas," 
so-called.  But  few  plants  are  easier  to  grow.  In  regions  where 
the  "changes"  are  extreme  they  sometimes  "winter-kill."  A 
little  protection,  as  suggested  for  the  Rhododendrons,  might 
avert  trouble.  It  is  known  that  with  their  rapid  growing  ten- 
dencies, and  "crotched"  joints  they  have  a  strong  tendency  to 
split.  In  the  eastern  states,  a  method  of  pruning  back  has  come 
into  favor  as  shown  in  Plioto  150.  This  is  done  in  winter  or 
early  spring,  and  from  the  one  or  two  eyes  left  on  each  branch 
strong  flower  shoots  are  developed,  resulting  in  the  compact 
flower  display,  shown  in  151. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


167 


Photo  151 
Result  of  Pruning  Altheas  Severely. 


\ 


-    ^N. 


K        ''L 


<|r  \H. 


Photo  152 
Ornamental  Effect  of  Grasses. 


168 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


A  very  fine  effect  is  produced  by  the  use  of  the  ornamental 
Grasses.  The  triangle,  shown  in  Photo  152,  is  quite  striking.  In 
the  center  is  Arundo  Donax,  commonly  called  the  "Corn-plant." 
It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  "reed  shaken  by  the  wind,"  of 
Scripture.     On  the  outside  is  the  fine-cut  Eulalia  Graclis. 

Of  course  you  cannot  aff'ord  to  leaye  out  of  your  collection 
the  hardy  Hydrangea  shown  in  Photo    153.     Of   all    the    hardy 


Photo  153 
Hardy  Hydrangeas  are  Effective. 


shrubs,  not  one  is  such  a  prolific  bloomer,  and  not  one  holds  its 
flower  so  long.  Some  plants,  like  certain  songs,  "are  here  to 
stay;"  Hydrangea  Paniculata  Grandiflora  is  one  of  them.  To 
get  the  best  results  from  the  Hydrangea,  attend  to  the  drainage, 
dig  deep,  give  good  soil  and  prune  somewhat  severely.  First 
cut  out  one-half  of  the  weaker  branches  entirely — clear  back  to 
the  older  wood.  Then  clip  back  the  remainder  about  one-third 
of  their  length.     This    gives    you    less    flowers    in    number,  but 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


169 


makes  U]:)  in  size,  as  shown  in  Photo  153.  Bushes  of  this  plant 
that  are  not  sufficiently  pruned  will  have  a  great  many  flowers, 
but  small ;  when  by  severe  pruning  they  would  be  as  big  as  one's 
hat. 

THE  CHRYSANTHEMUM. 

Among  the  charming  fall  flowers  that  I  remember  in  boy- 
hood's days — in  Old  England — was  the  Chrysanthemum  :  but  to 
see  one  measuring  more  than  three  inches  in  diameter  was  a 
wonder.  Mr.  David  ]\IcFarlane  (Photo  157)  showed  me  a  speci- 
men last  fall  measuring  twenty-three  inches.  The  improvements 
that  have  been  made  are  infallibh-  prophetic  that  there  are  great 
possibilities  ahead  ;  "improvements,"  perhaps,  of  such  superior 
character,  of  which  the  mind  has  scarcely  dreamed.  The  Chrys- 
anthemum, alone,  would  be  a  "witness"  to  this  fact. 

In  Photo  154  you  have  a  view,  to  the  left,  of  the  "bush- 
grown"  Chrysanthemum  that  took  the  prize  at  the  flower-show, 
at  Tarrytown.  X.  Y.  This  is  a  partial  view  of  the  Chrysanthe- 
mum-house   at    j\lr.  Wm.  Rockefeller's,  Rockwood    Hall.     You 


Photo  154 
Prize  winner.  Flower  Show,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. 


170 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


■^. 


W^  .  f^*"  ,:^^, 


Photo  155 
Chrysanthemums  grown  at  Wm.  Rockefeller's,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. 


will  notice  how  they  grade  back — in  height — to  the  right. 
The  tallest  are  seen  in  Photo  15.").  '\{r.  ]\Iidclleton,  the  chief  gar- 
dener and  florist,  is  seen  among  the  plants.  He  is  standing  on 
a  three-foot  step-ladder ;  some  of  the  plants  were  twelve  feet 
high.  ]\lr.  Middleton  is  a  Scotchman,  and  like  most  of  the  old- 
coimtrv-trained  men,  he  is  thoroughness  to  perfection.  People 
remark,  "Oh,  well,  at  Rockefeller's  and  such  places,  where  they 
have  everything  to  do  with,  this  is  easy.""  It  is  true  there  are 
great  advantages  at  places  where  houses  are  especially  construct- 
ed, and  there  is  "everything  to  do  with  ;""  nevertheless,  it  is  also 
true  that  all  the  faciliti(^s  in  existence  will  not  produce  the  re- 
sults if  you  have  not  "the  right  man  behind  the  gun."  As  pre- 
viously remarked,  America  is  woefully  lame  in  that  there  is  no 
system  of  drilling  the  boys  in  a  manner  to  turn  out  first-class 
"workmen""  in  these  particular  lines.  Xow  and  then  a  lad  with 
innate  love  of  the  profession  has  come  to  the  front.  Of  course, 
the  countrv  is  "voung,'"  but   we   are  certainlv  "old""   enough  to 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


171 


commence  a  systematic  training'  of  gardeners,  florists  and  prac- 
tical foresters.     Let  this  be  thoroughly  agitated. 

A  Chrysanthemum  nine  feet  in  diameter  is  said  to  have  re- 
cently taken  the  prize  at  the  flower-show  in  Chicago.  In  Photo 
156  there  is  a  partial  view  of  one  eleven  feet  in  diameter !  This 
was  grown  by  Air.  David  McFarlane  (seen  also  in  Photo  157), 
at  Mr.  Emil  Berholzheimer's,  Tarrytown,  X.  Y.  The  plant  was 
too  large  to  be  taken  out  of  the  greenhouse,  so  that  it  was  not 


Photo  156 
Eleven  Feet  in  Diameter. 


exhibited  at  the  flower-show.  Mr.  McFarlane,  also,  is  a  Scotch- 
man, and  in  him  I  have  a  heartv  co-worker  for  the  protection  of 
roots.  He  fully  understands  the  destruction  befalling  millions 
of  plants,  annually,  through  lack  of  knowledge  on  this  vital 
point.  The  reason  he  had  such  fine  success  with  the  specimen  in 
Photo  156  was  that,  after  the  final  "shift"  into  the  pot  in  which 
it  w^as  to  be  ''flowered."  he  plunged  the  flower  pot  into  the  midst 
of  a  tub  of  sand.  Tf  florists  who  have  to  battle  with  so  much 
"luildew"  on  the  leaves  of  their  "Mums"  would  "plunge"  their 


172 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


pots,  the  feeders  would  not  perish,  as  they  often  do,  affecting 
the  foliage  and  laying  the  foundation  for  fungoid  diseases. 

A  very  few  suggestions  will  aid  the  amateur.  Assuming 
that  you  have  a  healthy  plant,  in  the  fall,  as  soon  as  the  flowers 
are  gone,  cut  the  wood  off  down  close  to  the  ball  of  earth.  Sink 
the  crock  in  the  ground  in  some  sheltered  place.  Cover  to  keep 
from  hard  freezing.  In  the  spring  lift  the  crock  and  place  it 
where  it  will  start  to  grow,  (the  kitchen  window  is  a  good  place.) 
The  young  growth  will  start  as  thick  as  grass.  Pull  off  a  few  of 
the  strongest  and  put  them  in  moist  sand.  They  "root"  in  a 
short  time.  Place  them  first  into  two-inch  pots.  "Shift"  every 
two  weeks,  from  two  to  three-inch  pots,  thrv^e  to  four,  four  to 
five,  five  to  six,  six  to  eight.  Keep  them  "plunged"  all  the  while 
either  in  the  ground  or  a  box  of  sand.  Toward  fall  stand  them 
in  an  organ  box  with  top  and  front  off,  ("plunged"  of  course.) 
On  cold  nights  throw  canvass  or  old  carpet  over,  and  you  will 
have  "Mums"  till  nearly  Christmas. 


Photo  157 
Chrysanthemum  measuring  Twenty-three  Inches. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


173 


Photo   158,  In  perfect  Health. 


THE  CAUSE  OF  FAILURE. 


The  failure  of  millions  of  people  in  the  United  States  to  suc- 
cessfully gTow  plants  and  flowers — also  trees —  arises,  not  from 
a  lack  of  interest  or  a  willingness  to  spend  money,  but  from  la- 
mentabh'  defective  education.  They  see  trees,  wild  shrubs  and 
flowers  growing  freely  and  blooming  in  abundance  ;  they  know- 
that  all  these  have  tops  and  roots,  and  that — in  some  way — by 
the  action  of  the  rain  and  sunshine,  they  produce  the  charming 
results  which  they  are  penuitted  to  behold.  So  lacking  are  these 
people  in  education  that  they  seem  to  imagine  that  all  they  have 
to  do  is  to  stir  the  soil,  drop  in  a  few  seeds  and  that  nature  will 
do  the  rest.  "Nature"  may  be  fully  depended  on.  and  if  there 
happens  to  be  a  big,  plump  Burdock  seed  alongside  of  the  Pansy 
seed  that  you  have  planted.  Nature  lends  her  aid  to  both  ;  she  is 
"no  respector  of  persons" — or  seeds — but  the  Dock  being  the 
easiest   to   gferminate.   the  more  vigorous   and   hardv,   "gets  the 


174 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


start,"  and  the  slower  and  frailer  I'ansy  has  "no  show."  and  suc- 
cnnd;)S  to  "the  snr\-i\al  of  the  fittest."  Ciood  ])eo])le,  remember 
that  all  onr  cultivated  tiowers,  Negetables,  fruits,  and  many 
shrubs  and  trees  are  the  ]iroduction  of  years,  and  some  of  centu- 
ries, wdiich  ha\e  exoluted  them,  bringini^'  them  from  the  lower  to 
the   higher   forms   of   productiveness,    both    in    bloom  and  fruit. 


Photo  159,  A  graceful  Tree. 


But,  almost  universally,  the  improvement  of  the  flower  or  the 
.fruit  is  accompanied  with  a  proportionate  weakening  of  the 
plant.  This  is  illustrated  with  the  Coleus.  The  larger  the  leaf 
and  richer  the  coloring,  the  weaker  the  plant ;  hence,  many  of 
them  cannot  be  used  for  bedding,  because  they  will  not  stand  the 
sun.  This  principle  is  shown,  also,  in  the  improvement  of  man. 
Take  the  college  professor  and  put  him  out  in  the  wigwam  and 
let  him  secure  his  living  from  roots,  nuts,  etc.  Could  he  hold 
his  own  with  the  Indian?  No,  he  would  perish.  Shall  we, 
therefore,  go  back  to  the  hardier    life    of   the    aborigine?      Nay, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


175 


but  let  us  ailaj)t  the  svirr(^uu(lin!^s    to    the    advanced    conditions 
both  for  liunian  and  plant  life. 

The  principal  object  of  these  pai^es  t)n  "lietter  Mowers"  is 
to  show  you.  first:  that  you  must  get  rid  of  the  sur])lus  water — 
by  drainage.  Second :  feed  the  plant.  Third :  care  for  and 
protect  the  root.  You  will  get  your  "crop"  of  flowers  or  fruit  as 
a  reward  for  "services  rendered." 


Photo  160 
Poor  Taste  in  Terracing. 


Having  now^  given  you  the  "key"  you  can  unlock  the  store- 
house of  Nature's  inexhaustible  supply.  If  you  ignore  the  fun- 
damental principles  underlying  the  success  with  all  plant-life. 
you  would  do  better  to  give  the  money  that  you  spend  for  seeds 
and  plants  to  the  Salvation  Army,  and  save  yourself  the  annoy- 
ance of  failure  ;  but  you  will  try.  Avill  you  not?  I  would  suggest 
that  you  experiment  with  some  of  the  commonest  plants. 

You  will  probably  want  Mignonette.  These  will  not  trans- 
plant. Take  a  few  small  flower-pots,  fill  with  earth,  press  down 
gently ;  drop  in  four  or  five  seeds,  lightly  cover  with  sand. 
They  grow  readily.     Don't  let  the  earth  dry  out ;  keep  the  pots 


176 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


"plunged"  in  a  box  of  sand.  After  the  frost  is  over,  plant  out. 
This  vou  do  by  placing  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  on  the  ball  of 
earth,  give  the  crock  a  light  tap  and  the  contents  easily  comes 
out.  Sweet  Alyssuni,  Candytuft,  Chinese  I'inks,  Phlox  Drum- 
mondii,  and  almost  any  plants  can  be  "forwarded"  two  or  three 
weeks  in  this  way,  or  you  can  wait  later  and  plant  all  in  the  open 
ground.  The  Zinnias  are  superb  for  cut  flowers.  The  l^alsams 
are  very  easy  to  grow  and  nothing  is  more  free-blooming. 
Geraniums,  Heliotropes,  Lantanas,  h>verfews  and  double  Pe- 
tunias are  more  satisfactory  if  you  procure  the  plant,  as  the  sea- 
son is  too  short  when  grown  from  seed.  The  single  Petunia, 
however,  makes  a  ready  growth  from  seed,  and  gives  healthier 
plants.  AT^rbenas  and  Salvia  Splendens  do  best  from  seed,  but 
should  be  started  early — indoors — the  latter  part  of  February  or 
the  beginning  of  March. 

In  order  to  succeed  in  anything  one  must  "know  how." 
Good  reader,  bv  the  use  of  the  camera,  and  by  the  simplest  expla- 
nations, I  have  endeavored  to  make  the  subject  plain.  Xow  if 
you  want  flowers  (])resuming  that  you  "know  how")  I  will  give 
five  rules  that  will  insure  success.  First,  work  ;  second,  watch  ; 
third,  work;  fourth,  work;  fifth.  Work! 

You  can  learn  the  character,  habits  and  merits  of  all  plants 
from  the  Florists'  Catalogs,  Magazines,  Horticultural  Papers  or 
other  descriptive  works. 


CHAPTER  V 

Landscaping,  "Stiff"  and  "Fkek"  —  Lessons  for  Small  Homes — 
Lessons  on  a  large  Scale  From  the  William  Rockefeller 
Estate,  and  Others— The  L'se  of  Vines  and  How- 
to  Grow  Them— Ornamental  Pruning — Fut- 
ure Forestry— A  Lumber  Famine — 
Twenty   Formulas   for    the 
Destruction  of  "Scale," 
Insects  and  Fungus. 

LANDSCAPING. 

Almost  everything  is  liable  to  run  into  "fads"  and  go  to  ex- 
tremes. Thirt}'  years  ago  much  was  said  and  written  about 
"Terracing,"  and  c|uite  a  few  people  thought  "to  be  in  the  fash- 
ion" they  must  have  the  lawn  "terraced."  As  to  whether  it  is 
desirable  or  not  depends  upon  elevation,  depth  of  lawn,  etc. 
There  are  places  where  the  raise  is  abrupt  with  but  little  depth  of 
front ;  here  the  "terrace"  is  the  only  plan.  The  work  shown  in 
Photo  160  was  of  very  poor  taste  and  a  needless  expense.  It  is 
a  neat,  well-built  house,  but  on  the  highest  point  of  a  hill  and  the 
cellar  wall  is  two  feet  higher  than  it  need  have  been.  In  order 
to  build  a  narrow  plateau  in  front  they  dug  away  the  earth  in 
the  lawn  below.  The  way  that  the  work  was  done  makes  it  very 
difficult  to  take  care  of  the  embankment.  Then,  the  "stiffness" 
of  the  whole  arrangement  is  utterly  objectionable  unless  in  some 
country  place  where  nothing  but  natural  scenery  was  ever  looked 
upon  ;  and  even  then  a  person  would  soon  tire  of  it.  The  plant- 
ing, also,  has  the  same  "stiffness."  There  are  two  cut-leaf 
Birch,  two  Irish  Juniper,  and  two  and  two  of  a  number  of  shrubs. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  "spirit-level  lawn"  is  just  as  objec- 
tionable to  the  eye,  and  an  uniform  inclined  plane  is  not  much 
better.     But   the   great   misfortune  is,   men   drift   from   the   cob- 

12  (177) 


178 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


hlcr's  bcncli,  tin  shop,  the  ditch  or  any  other  vocation  and  ])ose 
as  "landscapers."  Photo  161  shows  a  grade  that  (on  a  small 
scale)  always  attracts  attention.  The  j^^entleman  who  built  this 
carefully  figured  all  the  elevations,  and  by  the  time  the  cellar 
dirt  was  disposed  of  there  was  but  very  little  hauling  needed  to 


Photo  161 
Pleasing  to  the  Eye  and  Easily  Cared  for. 


complete  the  lawn.  This  is  not  only  graceful  to  the  eye  but  also 
very  easy  to  mow  and  otherwise  care  for. 

In  the  picture  presented  in  Photo  161  }-ou  have  a  fine,  "open 
lawn  center."  The  shrubbery  is  forced  back  to  the  sides  and 
into  nooks  and  corners. 

Looking  at  Photo  162  there  is  something  bare  and  unattrac- 
tive at  the  first   sight,  and  everything  looks  out  of  proportion. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


179 


Photo  162 
Bare  and  Unattractive  May  First. 


Photo  163 
Transformed  in  Nine  Weeks. 


180 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Til  is  plioto  was  taken  tlie  first  week  in  May  and  the  lawn  was 
said  to  be  "graded."  Nine  weeks  afterward,  it  appeared  as  seen 
in  Photo  163;  quite  a  transformation.  Here  was  a  case  where 
a  terrace  had  to  be  used  to  get  any  space  at  all  on  which  one 
could  comfortably  stand  in  front  of  the  house.  But  you  will 
notice  that  in  forming  the  embankment  all  sharp  points  were 
avoided,    and    there    is    an    ease    about    it,    wherever    you    look. 


Photo  164 
Five  weeks  after  Photo  163 


Notice,  also,  the  efit'ect  of  the  vines.  .Instead  of  looking  on  a 
great,  lifeless,  angular  object,  the  eye  glides  from  the  soft  green 
of  the  grass  to  the  variety  of  life  in  the  vines.  See  this  same 
front  taken  again  five  weeks  later,  in  Photo  164.  In  160,  you 
see  the  right-hand  panel  of  the  railing  as  it  appears  still  fi\'e 
weeks  later.  See,  also,  the  Jviige  Caladium  Esculentum  grow- 
ing in  the  old  hollow  logs — to  the  left.  If  you  step  to  the  right 
— up  around  the  house — and  look  around  the  corner  down  to- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


181 


ward  the  front,  this  is  what  }(^u  see,  as  presented  in  Photo  165. 
What  a  charm!  What  is  home  without  a  vine?  "Yes,  but 
'too  much  expense  for  a  poor  man,'"  do  you  say?  No,  not  at 
all!  How  much  do  you  suppose  the  whole  cost  was?  Two 
Caladium  bulbs,  twenty-five  cents  each  ;  eight  packets  of  seed, 
five  cents  each.     There  are  thousands  of  common  laborers  who 


Photo  165 
At  the  Side  of  the  House. 


spend  more  than  that  every  week  for  tol)acco — to  burn — for  their 
own  pleasure,  while  the  humble  little  abode — that  might  be  con- 
verted into  a  "home" — goes  as  lifeless  and  desolate  outside  as  the 
souls  are  within.  How  long  it  takes  people  to  learn  that  to  miss 
heaven  here  is  to  miss  it  for  eternity  ! 

In  every  land  and  every  clime 

Adorn  vour  "home"  with  shrub  and  vine. 


182 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


One  of  the  ever-fascinating  charms  of  life  comes  from  the 
almost  infinite  variety  of  forms  with  which  we  are  brought  in 
contact.  Take,  for  example,  the  size  and  form  of  the  leaves  and 
flowers  of  the  vines  surrounding  the  house  now  under  consider- 
ation.    In  ninety  days  from  time  of  planting,  the  heavy  vines 


Photo  166 
Leaf  and  Flower  of   Hercules'   Club   Vine. 

seen  in  Photo  164  (or  at  the  time  when  KiO  was  taken)  had 
grown  thirty  feet,  and  hung  with  the  odd  and  attractive  gourds 
(the  Hercules  Club  variety.)  as  seen  in  that  picture.  The  leaf 
and  the  flower  of  tliis  wonderful  vine  are  seen  in  Photo  166. 
Beside  this  coarse — but  beautiful — leaf  is  held  a  leaf  of  the 
charming  Cypress  vine.  The  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  Cypress 
can  be  seen,  also,  in  Photo  167.     The  Cypress  was  growing  on 


Photo  167 
Leaves  and  Flowers  of  Cypress  Vine. 

the  side  of  the  house  shown  in  Photo  165.  next  to  the  gourd 
vines.  Then  came  the  Balloon  vine,  while  on  the  old  stump  of 
a  tree  were  the  variegated  Hops,  and  over  the  kitchen  was  a  rank 
growth  of  Morning  Glories.  The  "vines"  seem  to  disappear  in 
proportion   as   "homes"   give    way   to   tenantry.     The   charm    of 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


183 


vines,  on  the  houses  of  rich  or  poor,  can  be  seen  in  the  series  of 
photos  from  103  to  114,  inchisive.     The  last  one  named,  how- 


Photo  168 
An  Abundance  of  Pansies. 


ever,  (114)  should  teach  a  lesson  of  warning-.  If  allowed  to 
"hug"  the  trees  in  this  way,  and  climb  all  over  them,  as  they 
ultimately  will,  it  will  be  the  death  of  the  tree.  (In  England  they 
have  to  make  a  fight,  in  the  woodlands,  to  keep  down  the  Eng- 


Photo  169 
Right  hand   Panel  of   Porch. 

lish  Ivv.)      Boston  Ivy  is  the  best  vine  in  America  for  brick  or 
stone  houses.     See  it  in  Photos  103  and  106.     On  the  church  in 


184 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Sewickley,  Pa.,  there  are  two  kinds  (Photo  109)  ;  the  Boston  Ivy 
on  the  end  of  the  church  and  lower  part  of  the  tower,  while  the 
upper  part  of  the  tower  has  the  more  loose-growing  Virginia 
Creeper,  or  "Ainerican  Ivy."  }iIore  of  the  Japanese  Clematis, 
(Paniculata)  shown  in  Photo  108  should  be  planted  for  trellises, 
fences,  rock-work.  etc.  This  particular  specimen  was  cut  ofif, 
in  spring,  down  to  where  Captain  Reno  is  pointing  with  the  um- 
brella. 


Phto  170 
Red  Clover  is  Rank. 


In  landscaping  the  first  consideration  should  be  the  preser- 
vation of  trees,  if  there  are  any  on  the  premises.  Remember, 
root  protection  is  what  you  must  insist  on.  If  you  have  pur- 
chased a  property  having  large  trees  and  you  intend  to  build  on 
it  because  the  trees  are  there,  don't  let  a  man  destroy  them  be- 
cause he  calls  himself  a  "Landscape  architect."  Large  trees 
may  be  cither  raised  or  lowered,  and  done  in  a  way  to  improve 
the  growth  of  the  tree,  though  it  may  be  quite  an  expense  to  do 
it.     But  if  you  are  fifty  years  old  and  you  have  purchased  prop- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


185 


erty  with  trees  of  the  same  age.  you  cannot  afford  to  have  them 
destroyed  and  to  start  in  with  having-  a  planting  of  voting'  ones. 
The  next  thing  is  the  procuring-  of  a  good,  strong  sod.  It 
is  very  essential  to  have  the  lawn  clean.  There  is  but  one  way 
to  do  this,  i.  e..  fix  the  grade  and  then  let  it  lie.  if  you  do  the 
filling-  in  the  spring,  working  over  the  whole  surface  everv  two 
weeks,  all  summer ;  b}-  the  tenth  of  September  you  will  have 
killed  nearly  every  weed,  and  seed  sown  at  this  time  is  almost 
sure  to  "catch.""  and  will  become  established  before  the  heavy 
freezing,  and  a  fine,  clean  lawn  will  follow  the  next  spring.  Or 
you  can  fill  in  and  get  grade  in  place  in  the  fall,  and  let  be  over 


Photo    171,   Timothy  is   Coarse. 

winter.  It  will  conie  up  thick  with  weeds  in  the  spring.  Hoe  or 
cultivate  all  over  as  soon  as  dry  enough.  Rake  ofif  and  let  it  be 
another  ten  days.  Hoe  and  cultivate  again,  then  rake  off  and 
sow  seed. 

The  kind  of  grass  seed  is  of  considerable  importance. 
Timothy  is  always  a  "sure  catch,"  but  it  is  coarse,  and  should  be 
used  sparingly,  if  at  all.  The  character  of  the  plant  can  be  seen 
to  the  right — in  Photo  171.  The  bunch  to  the  left  is  Kentucky 
blue  grass  which  is  considered  the  best  "all  round"  grass  that 
can  be  used  on  a  lawn,  though  there  are  finer  kinds.  Don't  use 
Red  Clover:  it  is  too  rank  a  grower  for  lawn  purj^oscs.  as  shown 
in  Photo  170.  A  bunch  of  the  ^^'hite  Clo\er  is  shown  on  the 
left  in  that  picture;  it  is  a  fine  variety  for  lawn  purposes. 


186 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


ORNAMENTAL  TRIMMING. 

"From  one  extreme  to  the  other"  is  the  way  of  the  world. 
A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  all  went  to  "trimming"  into  ornamen- 
tal forms.  Now  some  landscapers  are  preaching  "under  no  con- 
sideration have  a  shorn  tree ;  copy  after  Nature  and  Nature 
alone."  This  extreme  is  better  than  the  other,  but  instead  of 
an  extreme  in  anything,  it  is  wiser  to  use  good  judgment.  Is 
there  anything  beautiful  in  the  "natural  appearance"  of  the  Irish 
Juniper,  with  its  half-dead,  ragged  top,  in  Photo  174?  All  that 
dead  center  could  even  now  be  taken  out  and,  by  the  use  of  a 
couple  of  bits  of  copper  wire,  the  base  could  be  drawn  in  and 
fastened  into  a  neat  pyramidal  form;  any  objection?  To  the 
right  and  left  of  the  entrance  to  the  burial  lot,  seen  in  Photo 
173,  are  two  shorn  Norway  Spruces.  They  were  cut  back  and 
"trimmed"  in  August,  1881.  At  that  time,  (before  cutting.) 
they  were  the  same  size  as  the  tall  Spruce  in  the  rear.  The  an- 
nual pruning  cuts  away  the  new  growth   and  stunts  the  roots 


Photo  172 
Leaves  of  Virginia  Creeper,  Hop,  Boston  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy  and  Plantain, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


187 


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Photo  173,  Shorn  Norway  Spruces. 

in  proportion  to  the  foliage  removed.  The  shorn  hedge,  in  that 
picture,  was  cut  down  the  same  time  as  the  two  Spruces,  and 
has  been  held  practically  at  the  same  height  ever  since. 

As  to  whether  the  "ornamental"  be  adopted  depends  on  lo- 
cation. To  adopt  the  use  of  ornamental  trees  in  a  city  lawn 
would  be  inexcusable  if  not  reprehensible.  In  a  city  ever}'- 
thing  is  artificial ;  hence  all  planting  should  be  natural.  Reverse 
the  order;  go  out  ten  miles  from  a  city,  and  see  nothing  but 
weeds,  clderberrv  and  blackberrv  bushes  and  it  is  a  relief  to 
come  upon  a  place  where  an  occasional  shorn  tree  or  bush 
breaks  the  monotony.  See  the  charming  effect  at  ^^Ir.  Whether- 
lee's,  Orienta  Toint.  X.  Y.,  in  Photo  184, 


188 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo   174 
There  is  no  Beauty  in  Half  Dead  Trees. 


Shorn  and  trained  trees  are  always  in  good  taste  in  a  coun- 
try cemetery,  but  not  in  a  city  cemetery.  The  Streetsboro, 
(O.)  cemetery  was  "landscaped"  and  many  of  the  yoinig  Arbor 
Vita,  Spruce  and  Hemlock  trees  put  under  training  eighteen 
years  ago,  and,  since  that,  it  has  been  the  admiration  of  people 
from  both  country  and  city. 

Every  child  should  know  vines  at  sight.  In  Photo  172,  at 
the  upper  left-hand  corner,  is  a  leaf  of  the  Ampelopsis  Ouinque- 
folia  (Virginia  Creeper),  five  lobes  to  the  leaf.  To  the  right  of 
that  is  a  variegated  Hop  leaf,  in  form  much  like  the  Maple.  Few 
people  seem  to  know  the  beauty  of  this  vine,  and  most  of  those 
who  do  try  to  grow  it  nearly  starve  it  to  death.  Amines,  in  gen- 
eral, may  be  treated  like  foliage  plants — heavily  fed.  Ampelop- 
sis Veitchii  (Boston  Ivy)  seems  to  thrive  where  nothing  else  will, 
and  nothing  will  cover  a  wall  so  completely,  (see  the  house  in 
Photo  1:35.)  The  leaf  of  the  P)Oston  Ivy  is  seen  in  the  middle 
of  the  panel.  Photo  172.  See  how  dififerent  in  form  the  "Ameri- 
can  Ivv,"   to  the   left,   above   it.     The   "poison    Ivv"    should   be 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


189 


a\  oided  ;  you  can  tell  it  l\v  the  leaf — in  the  lower  left-hand  cor- 
ner. In  certain  localities  it  will  run  all  o\er  the  ground.  Some 
cannot  handle  it ;  and  others  are  so  susceptible  to  its  virus  that 
the  wind  blowing  from  it  will  poison  them.  Nature,  however, 
supplies  the  antidote,  the  common  "Plantain" — lower  right  hand 
corner,  growing  nearly  everywhere.  Steep  this  plant — green  or 
dry — and  use  the  "wash"  freely  and  the  poison  will  disappear. 

THE  PANSY. 

No  h.ome  seems  complete  without  the  Pansy,  and  they  work 
into  the  landscape  admirably,  blooming  early  in  spring  and  late 
in  fall.  No  plant  seems  to  have  been  more  misunderstood. 
Nearlv  all  seed  catalogues  say,  "plant  the  Pansy  in  partial 
shade."  This  is  erroneous  ad\"ice.  Turn  to  "Primer  on  Trees 
and  Birds,"  page  112,  and  see  a  row^  of  white  Pansies  three  hun- 
dred feet  in  length — like  a  snow  bank  in  the  blazing  hot  sun, 
the  middle  of  July.  See  also  Photo  115  in  the  same  book,  and 
learn  the  lesson  these  photos  teach.  The  Pansy  is  as  hardy  as 
w  heat,  and  may  be  sowni   in   the   early   part  of   September   and 


Photo   175,  Intelligent  Landscaping. 


190 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


"wintered  over,"  protected  lightly  after  the  ground  is  frozen; 
or  the  seed  may  be  sown  indoors  in  January  and  planted  out  in 
spring.  How  nice  when  flowers  are  scarce  to  have  an  abun- 
dance of  Pansies!  (Photo  168.)  , 

LANDSCAPING— THE  "FREE"  OR  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 

To  speak  of  landscaping  as  a  "system"  does  not  seem  right, 
there  is  no  "system"  in  producing  best  results.  The  success- 
ful landscaper,  like  the  poet,  is  born,  not  made.  It  requires  not 
an  imitative  but  a  creative  mind.  It  is  only  on  comparatively 
large  grounds  that  the  genius  of  the  landscaper  can  be  displayed 
to  perfection,  though  his  services  are  invaluable  on  the  smaller 
estates.  Take  for  example  Photo  175,  (at  Miss  Robinson's,  I 
think,  Orienta,  N.  Y.)  There  is  a  gentle  slope,  an  ease,  about 
the  grade  of  the  lawn.  Then  one  tree  in  front  of  the  house  has 
been  pruned  to  give  a  nice  vista  from  within.  The  ignorant 
"Tree  butcher"  would  have  slashed  off  the  lower  branches  of  the 


Photo  176 
On  spacious  Grounds  of  Gen.  Carroll,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


191 


towerinc^,  beautiful  "Lime  Tree,"  but  someone  with  good  sense 
said,  "Woochnan,  spare  that  tree!"  To  have  removed  the  lower 
branches  of  that  majestic  tree  would  have  inflicted  a  damage  on 
that  property  that  it  would  have  taken  a  half  century  to  repair. 
Then,  to  the  right,  away  back,  is  a  shorn  Evergreen,  just  enough 
to  bring  out  contrast. 

Now  look  at  Photo  176.  This  is  landscaping  on  a  larger 
scale.  It  is  one  of  the  many  charming  views  on  the  spacious 
grounds  of  Gen.  Carroll,  Tarrytown.  N.  Y.  The  superb  effect 
produced  here  is  not  the  work  of  an  imitative  mind,  but  thor- 
oughly creative  (would  be  pleased  to  "give  credit"  if  I  knew  who 
executed  the  splendid  work.)  Look  at  all  the  little  nooks  and 
recesses,  and  the  apparent,  persistent  attempts  of  old  Mother 
Nature  to  close  in  on  that  open  space.  To  the  left  are  the  few 
advancing  Evergreens,  as  if  they  were  leading  the  way  of  an 
army  that  had  been  in  ambush.  Wherever  the  eye  turns  there 
is  inspiration  to  the  soul  and  rest  to  the  brain.  Do  we  wonder 
that  people  of  "means"  gravitate  from  the  teeming  cities  to  such 


Photo  177 
Rear  of  Rockwood  Hall,  Wm.  Rockefeller's  Home. 


192 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


sights  of  rest  and  beauty?  Some  of  the  most  refining-,  moral- 
izing and  spiritualizing  influences  are  arising  from  the  rural 
homes  of  city  people.  It  is  this  class  of  citizens  who,  having 
saved  a  little  money,  will  be  among  the  first  in  the  enterprise  of 
Restoration  of  the  Forests. 


ROCKWOOD  HALL. 

With  an  experience  in  Cireat  Britain  and  also  in  this  coun- 
try, and  with  so  many  years  of  observation.  I  confess  I  have 
never  seen  an  estate  that  for  compactness  without  stilTness,  im- 


Photo  178 
Vegetable  Garden,  Rockwood  Hall. 

provements  without  artificiality  and  extent  of  variety  that  sur- 
passes Rockwood  Hall,  ^^fr.  A\'m.  Rockefeller's  summer  resi- 
dence at  Tarrytown,  X.  Y.  The  rear  of  this  beautiful  mansion 
is  seen  in  Photo  177.  This  faces  easterly.  The  front  faces 
westerlv  and  overlooks  the  Hudson  River,  some  three  miles 
wide  at  this  point.     The  view  down  the  river  T  judge  is  about 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


193 


fifteen  miles,  and  it  must  be  twelve  or  more  up  stream.  Awa}^ 
across  the  river  are  the  fascinating  "Palisades."  In  among  the 
trees  and  undulating  surface,  on  the  easterly  side,  are  the  coach 
barn  and  extensive  greenhouses  and  conservatories.  Then  be- 
yond the  greenhouses,  looking  down  over  the  narrow  but  fer- 
tile valley  is  the  vegetable  garden,  seen  in  Photo  178.  The  trees 
seen  beyond  the  garden  overhang  Broadway,  the  finelv  macada- 
mized street  which  is  "Broadway"    in    New    York    and    "Broad- 


Photo  179 
The  Sheep  are  Cared  for  by  a  Shepherd. 


way"  in  Albany.  The  charming  woodlands  seen  rising  beyond 
are  a  part  of  Mr.  Rockefeller's  estate,  about  seven  hundred 
acres  in  all,  I  think.  A  great  part  of  this  is  native  woodland, 
much  of  which  could  not  be  cultivated.  The  "grounds,"  how^- 
ever,  that  surround  the  house  and  extend  to  the  woodlands  are 
quite  extensive.  A  fine  flock  of  Southdown  sheep  add  a  natural- 
ness to  the  rural  aspect,  as  can  be  seen  in  Photo  179.  There 
are  no  fences,  but  the  slieep  are  cared  for  by  a  shepherd  who 
has  two  remarkablv  intelligent  shepherd  dogs.  In  the  last-named 
photo  is  seen  a  tall  Hickorv  tree  with  two  of  c^ur  men  in  the  top. 
This  is  the  tree  shown  in  Photo  .i3.     It  is  worth  turning  back  to 

13 


194 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  180 
Mr.  B.  M.  Hawks,  Superintendent  Rockwood  Estate. 


that,  as  it  will  give  the  reason  Avhy  it  was  deemed  advisable  to 
cut  back  the  top.  Yon  will  notice  how  the  base  was  weakened  ; 
the  wind,  having  such  a  leverage,  might  sna])  it  off;  so  that  the 
extreme  tips,  just  above  the  men's  heads  were  taken  off,  wounds 
dressed  and  "capped."  It  was  also  given  "root  treatment"  to 
stimulate  new  growth. 

Photo  181  is  another  fall  view  of  these  grounds.  Scores  of 
equally  charming  scenes  might  be  taken  on  the  place.  Indeed, 
if  you  set  a  camera  anywhere  and  close  your  e}'es  and  snap  the 
shutter  you  procure  a  good  picture.  Turning  back  to  the 
"autumn"  scene,  you  can  get  some  idea  of  the  fascinating 
woodland  scenes  on  this  estate.  The  drives  wind  around, 
down  the  glens,  with  rustic  bridges  across  laughing  brooklets; 
on,  on  down  to  the  embankment  beneath  which  is  the  New  York 
Central  R.  R.,  skirting  the  edge  of  the  Hudson  River.  On  you 
go,  amid  huge  rocks,  thousands  of  wild  Rhododendrons,  in 
among  the  trees,  out  into  the  sheep  pasture,  hid  again   among 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


195 


shrubbery,  out  into  a  uieadow  with  a  herd  of  i)rinie  Jersey  cows, 
watched  by  a  herdsman  (there  are  no  fences.)  On  you  drive 
among  the  ever-changing  scenery,  and  everywhere  you  go  there 
is  the  same  al)sence  of  "stiffness"  as  you  sec  in  Photo  182.  The 
gentleman  in  tlie  buggy  is  Mr.  1j.  M.  Hawks,  superintendent 
of  the  Rockwood  Hall  estate.  If  you  desire  a  better  acquaint- 
ance with  him  you  may  study  him  from  Photo  180.  This  gen- 
tleman, though  not  a  "professional"  is  a  natural  landscaper.  So 
is  Mr.  Rockefeller.  Either  of  them  could  have  been  a  "success" 
at  this  "calling,"  far  excelling  many  professionals  who  follow 
it  "for  revenue  only."  America  certainlv  has  many  genuine 
"landscape  architects,"  gentlemen  who  cannot  be  excelled  in  the 
profession ;  she  has.  also,  those  who  are  in  it  for  monev,  as 
proven  "bv  their  works."  In  addition  to  a  lack  of  natural  taste, 
their  business  seems  to  be  that  of  running  up  large  bills  by  un- 


Photo  181 
Autumn  Scene  on  Rockefeller  Grounds. 


196  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

necessary  excavations,  making  lieavy  "fillings"  and  destroying 
trees  thereby,  and  then  crowding  in  "nursery  stock" — ten  to  one 
more  than  is  necessary — with  all  the  "scale''  and  other  diseases 
thrown  in. 


Photo  182 
Driving    over    the    Estate. 

FRIEND  OR  FOE. 

Much  appears — in  certain  papers — about  the  "millionaire," 
and  he  is  spoken  of  as  "the  foe  of  Labor."  Some  years  ago, 
when  my  attention  was  called  to  "the  gulf  between  capital  and 
labor."  T  was  led  to  believe  that  a  man  who  is  said  to  be  a 
"millionaire"  actually  possesses  that  many  dollars  in  cash.  Later 
and  closer  attention  to  the  matter  revealed  that  a  "millionaire," 
so-called,  might  be  really  "hard  up"  for  cash  ;  that  his  "holdings" 
may  be  only  "stocks"  estimated  to  be  worth  that  amount. 
Suppose,  for  example,  that  the  "millions"  are  based  on  the  esti- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


197 


mated  value  of  rolling  mill  property,  and  suppose  that  a  "panic," 
like  that  of  1873-4-5,  happens,  where  are  the  million  dollars? 
They  are  not ;  and  the  reputed  "rich  man"  may  not  have  bread  in 
the  house  for  his  family,  as  I  knew  a  case  in  1875. 

Let's  take  two  men  starting  with  equal  chances  in  any  busi- 
ness, oil  business,  if  you  like.     A  is  a  good  man,  a  close  figurer, 


Photo  183 
The  Washington  Rock,  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y. 


hard  worker,  but  his  CAcnings  are  spent  in  the  bar-room.  He 
finally  strikes  a  "gusher,"  said  to  be  worth  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars.  He  now  "moves"  in  "higher  society,"  and  champagne 
takes  the  place  of  beer,  and  cards  suit  him  better  than  the  dull- 
ness of  home  life.  He  makes  up  his  mind  to  "show  the  world 
a  thing  or  two;"  he  will  get  rich  quick.  "Poker?"  Yes,  sir!  he 
stakes  the  price  of  his  "gusher."  The  "hand"  is  shown:  fortune 
gone,  \^'here  arc  his  "friends?"  yes,  where?  He  "goes  to  the 
dogs"  and,  finally,  the  county  buries  him,  for  the  same  reason 
that  the  Irishman  gave:  "Ef  they  don't  bury  me  for  love,  they 
will  for  stank." 


198 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


B,  on  the  other  hand,  may  represent  Wm.  Rockefeller  or 
any  other  successful  man.  Born  poor,  had  the  "honor  of  work- 
ing for  a  living;"  invested  a  few  dollars  in  "oil;"  saved  the  pen- 
nies ;  rode  horse-back  through  rain,  sleet  and  snow ;  brought 
men  together  and  formed  a  company  ;  put  in  pipe  lines  ;  construc- 
ted refineries;  brought  down  the  price  of  oil;  made  money; 
spent  money  in  building  a  splendid  house ;  laid  out  spacious 
grounds ;  purchased  horses,  carriages,  automobiles  and  made 
miles  of  new  and  first-class  roads.  "Friend"  or  "foe"  of  labor, 
which? 

FUTURE  FORESTRY. 

The  "Father  of  our  country"  evidently  knew  something  of 
the  uses  of  gun-powder,  and  a  spiritualist  might  be  inclined  to 
think  that  his  disembodied  spirit,  was  present  at  the  blasting  of 
the  rock  at  Mamaroneck,  N.  Y.,  on  the  road  that  turns  down  to 
Orienta  Point,  where  the  face  of  Washington  was  left — almost 


Photo  184,  Native  Woodlands. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  199 

to  perfection — when  viewed  from  a  particular  spot.  Not  a  chisel 
or  other  tool  has  ever  touched  it ;  it  is  just  as  seen  in  Photo  183, 
and  is  known  as  "The  Washington  Rock."  With  the  memory 
of  George  Washington  is  associated  the  memory  of  the  Ameri- 
can native  forest,  and  one  can  imagine  the  anguish  of  soul  en- 
dured by  those  still  with  us  who  spent  their  childhood's  early 
days  in  the  woodlands  which  then  stood  in  all  their  pristine 
glory,  but  have  now  passed  away.  I  came,  myself,  early  enough 
(1873)  to  see  much  of  the  grandeur  of  Ohio's  charming  forests, 
but  nearly  all  have  fallen  before  the  woodman's  ruthless  ax. 
A\'e  all,  of  course,  understand  that  the  clearing  away  of  much 
of  the  woodlands  was  a  necessity,  but  the  wholesale  destruction 
was  utterly  inexcusable.  As  illustrative  of  the  wrongs :  not 
many  years  ago,  an  enterprising  Dutchman  "made  a  payment" 
of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  on  a  five  thousand  dollar  farm,  sold 
the  timber  for  three  thousand  dollars,  took  to  drinking,  spent 
the  money  and  let  the  farm  "go  back"  to  the  former  owners, 
minus  one-half  its  value.  He  might  just  as  consistently  have 
stolen  and  carted  off  one-half  the  farm. 

Another  case  was  that  of  a  somewhat  "fast"  man  who  fell 
heir  to  a  hundred  acres  of  land  and,  being  pressed  for  money,  sold 
a  piece  of  timber  worth  at  least  two  thousand  dollars  for  five 
hundred  dollars,  and  the  "old  homestead,"  with  buildings  tumb- 
ling down,  was  let  go  to  wreck  because  the  vanities  of  a  spend- 
thrift son  must  needs  be  gratified. 

Only  a  short  time  ago  I  walked  for  hours  in  the  bit  of  purely 
native  woodland  seen  in  Photo  184,  and  felt  like  praying  for  its 
preservation,  but  prayer  seems  like  a  mockery  when  the  cross- 
mark  is  on  the  tree  and  the  "heir"  must  needs  get  money!  W'as 
"Liberty"  conferred  for  no  higher  purpose  than  gratification? 

In  circular  number  33  of  the  United  States  Departiuent  of 
Agriculture,  giving  the  substance  of  the  proceedings  of  that 
memorable  American  Forest  Congress,  held  in  \\^ashington, 
D.  C,  Tanuarv  3-(5,  1905,  in  discussing  the  evils  of  sheep  pastur- 
ing in  the  woodlands  of  the  West,  it  was  shown  that  the  animals 
ate  the  voung  seedlings  and  thus  prevented  new  trees  forming 
a  forest  growth.  One  point  was  entirely  overlooked  or,  at  any 
rate,  does  not  appear  in  the  circular ;  nameh',  that  by  keeping 
down  the  young  growth,  the  grass  "gets  a  start"  and  the  death 


200 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


of  the  tree  speedily  follows.  This  has  been  pointed  out  in  the 
earlier  part  of  this  work.  In  about  all  the  thinned-out  wood- 
lands through  the  country,  trees  are  dying  and  the  people  do 
not  kno\v  the  cause.  There  are  places  now  in  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  which  but  a  few  years  ago  were  fine  examples  of  the 
primeval  forest.  0^vners  of  such  property  thinned  out  the 
trees  so  that  grass  might  grow  and  look  more  lawn-like,  so  as 


Fhoto  185 
Dying  because  of  Luxuriant  Growth  of  Grass. 

to  sell  more  readily  as  residence  building  lots.  Xow  the  trees 
are  dying  as  seen  in  Photo  185.  ^^l^ere  trees  begin  to  "go 
back"  in  this  way  in  the  forest,  harvest  them  at  once  ;  for  just 
as  soon  as  deatli  sets  in  decay  follows,  and  it  becomes  the  breed- 
ing place  for  ever}-  kind  of  borer,  beetle  and  grub,  and  the  timber 
is  soon  unfit  for  marketable  purposes.  Such  trees,  however, 
can  be  preserved  as  shade  trees  and,  with  projier  care,  will  make 
a  new  growth  over  the  old  and  injured  parts.  Remember  that 
your  lawn  and  fruit  trees  should  be  kept  clean.     The  old  loose 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


201 


bark  shoulcl  be  rubbed  off  with  an  old  curry-comb,  a  good  em- 
ployment for  children  (Photo  186.)  The  Elms,  seen  in  Photo 
191.  have  l)een  thoroughly  cleaned  and  were  treated  to  the 
"lime,  sidphur  and  salt"  formula,  for  the  destruction  of  insects. 
A  full  list  of  formulas  for  destroying  insect  pests  is  given  in  the 


Photo  186 
Rubbing  off  Old,  Loose  Bark. 

last  pages  of  this  work,  reproduced   from  one  of  the  bulletins 
of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station. 

The  "woodsman"  has  not  been  the  only  destroyer  of  trees. 
The  average  "sportsman"  and  the  boy  with  the  "Flobert  Rifle," 
unintentionally,  have  been  their  enemy,  by  killing  their  protec- 
tors, the  birds.     Should  the  increase  of  the  Web-worm  continue 


202 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


in  the  same  ratio  for  the  comings  ten  years  that  it  has  in  the 
past  five,  it  is  a  grave  question  if  practically  all  the  trees  of  Ohio 
will  not  be  destroyed.  I  speak  of  Ohio  because  here,  in  the 
greater  absence  of  woodlands,  the  "homes"  of  birds  (the  trees, 
vines  and  bushes)  are  lacking  and,  consequently,  the  increase 
of  the  destructive  pest  is  greater. 

I  was  passing,  five  years  ago,  and  saw  a  "nest"  of  those 
worms  on  the  tree  at  the  rear  of  the  buggy  seen  in  Photo  187. 
I  had  a  strong  impulse  to  get  out  and  set  fire  to  them,  but  I  neg- 
lected a  duty.  A  year  after  the  tree  w'as  defoliated  and,  passing 
there  last  fall,  I  discovered  that  the  trees  in  the  whole  neighbor- 
hood were  leafless.  They  (the  worms)  are  now  all  over  the 
country,  and  playing  sad  havoc  wdth  the  forests.  No  tree  can 
long  survive  without  its  foliage.  In  the  east  they  tell  me  that 
the  stripping  of  the  elms,  by  the  elm-leaf  beetle,  five  years  in 
succession,  kills  the  tree.  Last  ( )ctober  I  went  from  IMttsburg, 
Pa.,  to  Marietta,  ().,  on  the  B.  &  O.  R.  R.  and  it  was  almost 
heart-rending  to  see  the  destruction  of  trees  by  this  web-worm. 
Almost  every  Hickory  and  Walnut  tree  for  the  whole  distance 


Photo  187 
The  Work   of  the  Web-worm. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


203 


Photo  188 
The  Canker-worm  has  Attacked  the  Tree. 

had  been  defoliated  and  covered  with  nests,  as  seen  on  the  tree 
in  front  of  the  horse,  in  Photo  187,  and  thousands  of  trees  were 
standing  dead,  killed  by  the  repeated  attacks  of  this  foe.  It  is 
spreading  rapidly  also  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  New  York 
and  all  the  eastern  states  that  I  have  visited.  The  work  of  the 
canker  worm  is  seen  in  Photo  188.  In  May  and  June,  1905,  at 
Sewickley,  Pa.,  they  destroyed  the  foliage  of  trees  in  miles  of 
woodlands.  These  "judgments"  are  befalling  us  as  punishments 
for  our  ignorance  in  destroying  the  native  birds.  Idiis  matter 
is  discussed  in  full  in  "A  Xcav  Era  in  Tree  Growing,"  showing 
what  must  be  done  to  remedv  the  trouble. 


A  LUMBER  FAMINE. 

Some  two  years  ago  an  eminent  b^rench  authoritN'  gave  the 
reason  for  the  approach  of  a  "lumber  famine"  for  the  whole 
world.     The   substance   of  his   reasons  were   about   as   follows: 


204 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Europe,  Asia  and  a  part  of  Africa  are  using  more  lumber 
than  they  are  producing,  and  even  ^lexico  is  consuming  one 
hundred  times  more  than  she  produces  ;  that  Siberia  and  South 
America  have  large  areas  of  forests,  but  they  are  too  far  from 
the  sea-board  to  be  exploited  Avith  profit;  and  that  the  United 
States  and  Canada  are  the  only  two  countries  that  have  any 
considerable  hard  wood  for  the  world's  market. 


..^tm^j^ 

1 

i 

^^^^^^^^j^^^mmggtUj^^^^^^^M 

m 

Photo  189 
"Under  the  Spreading  Chestnut  Tree." 

Following  our  reports  of  the  vStates,  it  seems  that  for  every 
two  acres  we  are  destroying  we  are  planting  one  tree!  Canada 
will  have  "wood  to  burn"  when  we  are  treeless  ;  for  they  seem 
to  take  in  the  situation  and  ])ractice  conservation.  Let  the  mind 
go  back,  say  two  hundred  vears.  Picture  to  yourself  those  beau- 
tiful New  England  hills  covered  witli  Pine,  Spruce  and  TTem- 
lock.  Imagine  yourself  in  a  modern  flyiug  machine,  sailing 
westward.  You  go  into  ecstasies  over  the  sublime,  towering 
Pines  on  the  hills  and  mountains  of  New  ^'ork  and  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Your   soul    is   thrilled   at   the   sight  of   the   giant    Oaks, 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


205 


Walnuts.  Liriodendrons,  Majiles,  Beeches  and  all  the  common 
"hard  woods"  on  the  level  portions  of  New  York.  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania  and  practically  all  of  Ohio.  Kentucky  and  Indiana; 
and  if  you  were  a  Methodist  you  would  feel  like  sing^ing  "Glory 
to  God, "  as  you  hear  iiis  praises  sung  by  the  winds  in  the  vast 


Photo  190 

Living  among  the  Trees. 

pineries  of  ^lichigan.  As  you  witnessed  the  destruction  by 
"slashing"  and  "logging"  and  ventured  the  remark  "this  waste 
is  wrong,  sirs,"  vou  would  receive  the  jeers  of  ninety-nine,  and 
the  w'ise  remark  from  the  hundredth,  "an  abundant,  inexhaust- 
ible supply,  sir;  utterly  inexhaustible!"  Rut  to-day.  where  are 
the  glorious  Fines  and  majestic  hardwoods!^  Gone!  Never- 
more to  be  seen  by  mortal  eyes  I 

The  Gulf  States  still  have  large  areas  of  Pine,  but  those 
who  are  watching  the  denudation  say  that,  in  twenty  years, 
those    pineries    will    be    practically    destroyed,  and    that    at    the 


206 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  191 
Elms  cleaned  of  old  Bark. 

present  rate  of  destruction  the  Redwoods  and  Coniferas  of  the 
great  Pacific  slope  will  be  swept  away  in  fifty  years.  Xot  one 
out  of  a  hundred,  if  or.e  out  of  a  thousand,  seem  to  realize  the 
gravity  of  the  situation.  They  know  the  price  of  luml)cr  is 
"going  u})."  It  seems  that  the  great  lumber  companies  have 
competed  so  violently  that  they  have  kept  the  wholesale  price 
down.  Though  lumber  is  growing  scarcer  all  the  time,  our  fa- 
cilities for  hauling  from  the  South  or  ^^'est  are  such  that  the 
country  will  not  wake  up  to  the  destructic-)n  of  the  forests  until 
the  end,  and  the  report  comes  back,  "no  more!"  One  feels  like 
-inking  into  the  earth  to  even  contemplate  the  end  of  the  Ameri- 
can forests,  and  yet  this  must  come  unless  there  is  a  general 
awakening,  conservation  ]U-acticed  with  Avhat  we  have,  and  re- 
planting commenced  with  vigor. 

The    Forest    Congresses   are    throwing   new    life   into    those 
interested  in  the  work,  but  T  fear,  from  the  reptn't  just  referred 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


207. 


to  (circular  88).  that  llicrc  ma}-  be  wroiii;-  impressions  by  that 
body  of  nolile  men  and  women  as  to  the  real  area  of  forests  in 
existence  in  the  I'nited  States.  In  the  s])eech  l)y  Hon.  (jiiYord 
I'inchot,  he  is  (|noted  as  saying-;  "It  sliouhl  l^e  remend)ered 
by  every  forester,  and  every  man  interested  in  forestry,  that  the 
woodlands  in  farms  are  about  three  times  as  great  in  extent  as 
all  the  national  forest  reserves."  This  remark  was  thrown  out 
as  an  encouragement  to  all  to  conserve  what  they  have  and  thus 
co-operate  with  the  g-overnment  and  the  ,great  lumber  com- 
panies. By  the  expression  "woodlands  in  farms,"  has  the  gen- 
tleman reference  to  what  would  be  listed  as  such  in  Ohio  or  any 
of  these  Eastern  States? 

Twenty  years  ago  there  were  hundreds  of  pieces  of  "timber 
lots"  in  this  region,  pure,  native  woodlands,  with  gigantic  speci- 
mens of  the  hard  woods.  From  fifteen  to  ten  years  ago  those 
same  pieces  of  native  forests  resounded  with  the  axe,  buzz  of  the 


Photo  192 
Weeping  Beech,  Hill-and-Dale  Farm,  Mamaroneck.  N.  Y. 


208 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


saw-mill  and  profanity  of  the  average  woodsman.  To-day.  for 
a  radius  of  fifty  miles,  1  do  not  know  of  that  many  acres  of  un- 
broken native  forests  all  told.  If  a  person,  not  acquainted  with 
the  real  condition,  were  to  drive  through  this  region,  he  would 
suppose  there  were  thousands  upon  thousands  of  acres  ;  espec- 
ially would  he  form  the  opinion  in  the  summer  and  fall  months 


'X-'"'' ■''^ '^ 

^^           ""w".  s  •  't> ..'      y—  -J^ifl 

^ 

Y*:    ■mm 
i--d JL      -._ 

J 

1      ^''^^^l 

Photo  193 
A  Model  Entrance  Drive. 


when  the  trees  are  in  foliage.  These  arc  "culls'"  left,  that  the 
lumber  men  had  no  use  for,  and  I  suppose  they  are  entered  as 
"woodlands."  I  am  traveling  most  of  the  time  and  have  ridden 
on  nearly  all  the  railroads  in  ()hio,  and  T  am  safe  in  saying  that, 
in  this  State,  there  is  not  one-tenth,  and  probably  not  a  hun- 
dredth part  of  the  timber  in  existence  that  there  is  supposed  to 
be.  What  people  imagine  to  be  "woods,"  containing  valuable 
timber,  are  nothing  but  "groves,"  with  the  "saw-timber"  cut  out 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


209 


and  now  growing-  u])  to  grass  for  pasturage,  and  thus  destroy- 
ing trees  that  would  become  fit  for  marketable  lumber.  Even 
the  trees  big  enough  for  cross-ties  are  cut  out  and  sold.  I  find 
a  great  many  prominent  gentlemen  say  "Pooh!"  at  this,  and  af- 


Photo  194 
Cutting  away  the  Timber  Dries  up  the  Stream. 


firm  that  there  is  "any  God's  quantity  of  good  Oak  trees  in  this 
country  for  fifty  years  to  come."  Mr.  Grafton,  Chief  of  the  Sig- 
nal Service  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  knows  bet- 
ter, and  realizes  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  as  do  nearly  all 
railroad  men.  If  railroad  "cross-ties"  are  so  abundant  as  some 
would 'have  us  believe,  why  does  \[r.  E.  H.  Harriman  order  one 


210 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


million  ties  from  Japan,  at  fifty-five  cents  each,  to  use  in  the  line 
that  he  is  constructing  in  Mexico? 

We  are  told  that  Japan  has  "vast  areas  of  forests."  How 
"vast"  on  an  island  scarcely  visible  on  the  map?  With  the  mod- 
ern equipment  for  destroying  forests,  and  converting  the  trees 
into  "lumber,"  how  many  years  will  the  timber  of  Japan  supply 
the  market? 


CONSUMPTION  OF  LUMBER  BY  THE  RAILROADS. 

In  the  report  of  the  American  Forest  Congress,  already 
quoted,  is  a  part  of  the  speech  of  Howard  Elliott,  President  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  from  which  I  make  the  following 
extract:  "The  total  annual  consumption  of  cross-ties,  for  re- 
newals only,  by  all  the  railroads  of  the  United  States,  is  at  least 
one  hundred  million,  to  which  add  twenty  million  for  additional 
tracks  in  yards  and  the  construction  of  new  railroads  and  the 
total  is  equivalent  to  more  than  four  billion  feet.     The  signifi- 


Photo  195,  Gingko  Tree. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


211 


Photo  196,  Among  the  Mountains. 


cance  of  these  figures  is  more  apparent  when  it  is  remembered 
that  two  hundred  ties  are  about  the  average  yield  per  acre  of 
forest,  varying  very  greatly  in  difl:'erent  localities,  so  that  to 
supply  this  single  item  necessitates  the  denudation  annually  of 
over  one-half  million  acres  of  forest.  But  the  cross-tie  supply 
is  only  one  of  the  forest  products  required  by  the  railroads. 
There  are  bridge  timbers,  fence-posts,  telegraph-poles,  car  ma- 
terials and  building  timbers  of  all  kinds,  all  of  which,  it  is  esti- 
mated, will  nearly  equal,  in  broad  measure,  the  cross-tie  item  ; 
so  that  it  is  probable  that  the  railroads  of  the  I'nited  States  re- 
quire annually,  under  present  practices,  the  entire  product  of 
almost  one  million  acres  of  forest."  From  the  same  pamphlet 
I  quote  from  the  speech  of  Mr.  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  the 
Division  of  Mining  and  Mineral  Resources,  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey:  "The  miner  has  established  his  reputation  as  a 
good  customer  of  the  lumberman,  and  is  daily  becoming  a  better 


212 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  197,  A  charming  Vista. 

one — For  every  ton  of  anthracite  taken  out  of  the  mine,  we  must 
put  back  a  cubic  foot  of  timber — that  is  to  say,  seventy  milHon 
cubic  feet  per  year  for  the  anthracite  industry  alone.  Four  mil- 
lion cubic  feet  a  year  will  hardly  suffice  for  the  underground 
work  in  mines."  These  are  only  the  "items"  in  railroading  and 
mining.  What  about  the  millions  of  tons  of  "pulp"-  for  paper- 
making:  and  the  uses  of  lumber  in  domestic  and  commercial  life? 


EUROPE  WILL  SUFFER  FOR  OUR  SINS. 

When  I  was  a  boy  it  was  considered  very  fortunate  to  be 
the  possessor  of  a  few  nice  clean  boards,  a  foot  or  so  in  length, 
as  lumber  was  so  scarce  that  every  bit  was  commonly  worked 
into  some  use  by  the  carpenter  who  was  trusted  to  handle  it. 
Some  rural  districts  had  no  timber  that  was  permitted  to  be  cut, 
but  in  the  one  in  which  I  was  raised,  occasionally  a  tree  was  al- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


213 


lowed  to  be  "harvested  ;"  but  the  greatest  of  care  was  taken  to 
dig  down  all  around  it,  and  far  enough  away  so  that  the  very 
last  inch  of  timber — at  the  base — could  be  secured.  England 
depended  on  the  imported  supply  and  probably  does  yet.  The 
same,  it  appears,  is  substantially  true  of  all  the  other  civilized 
nations.  The  masses  in  those  countries,  like  the  masses  in 
America,  know  that  "the  lumber  comes  from  somewhere"  and 
that  is  the  extent  of  their  thought  on  the  subject.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  forests  of  America  have  represented  one-fourth 
of  the  commercial  values  of  the  covmtry.  Consider,  also,  what 
this  "capital" — the  forest  trees — meant  in  the  early  days. 
About  all  a  man  needed  was  an  axe,  a  blanket,  a  gun  and  am- 
munition, and  he  could  go  into  the  woods,  build  a  home  and 
fence  a  farm.  He  had  his  fuel  and  he  had  stove-wood  to  sell  as 
soon  as  a  community  formed,  and  logs  for  the  saw-mill  to  be 
converted  into  cash.  These  hundreds  of  millions  of  acres  of 
timber  are  gone — one-half,  may  be  two-thirds — wasted  !  Think 
of  the  billions  of  dollars  "changing  hands"  in  shipping,  export- 


Photo  198 
Don't  Plant  Hedges  under  Trees. 


214 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


ing,  carpenter  and  cabinet  work,  and  its  uses  in  wagon  and  car- 
riage building,  etc.  \\'hat  has  been  true  in  America,  in  regard 
to  the  uses  of  timl)er,  has  also  been  true  of  other  countries  to 
which  it  has  been  exported.  To  the  forests  alone  must  be  cred- 
ited the  marvelous  progress  and  even  the  inventions  of  the  last 
hundred   and    fiftv   years ;    and,    unless    re-forestration    be    com- 


...M^OBl 

.-T^ 

.-.., 

rMmsmsiLjat 

HBH 

4 

|- '^):'::^' 

[|||H|m1^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Photo  199,   On  the   Hillside. 


menced  and  prosecuted  with  energy,  the  "passing  c^f  the  forests" 
means  the  retrogression  of  civilization. 

"What  are  you  giving  us?  AVe  are  only  in  the  infancy  of 
inventions !  The  mind  of  man  is  marvelous  !  As  soon  as  one 
thing  is  exhausted,  he  discovers  something  else;  we  talk  across 
the  ocean  and  soon  will  be  riding  through  the  air;  we'll  need  no 
trains  or  shi]>s  ;  besides,  the  bowels  of  the  earth  are  full  of  coal 
and  ore.  Away  with  vour  'calamity  howling' ;  three  cheers  for 
progress  and  the  human  brain!"     That  sounds  "loud,"  even  for 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


215 


Photo  200 
A  fine  River  Scene. 


Photo  201 
Mountam  scenery  from  Allegheny  River, 


216 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


a  "blusterbimd."  Sir,  it  seems  as  if  you  might  be  a  descendant 
of  the  fellow  who  asked.  "Is  not  this  great  Babylon  which  I  have 
built?"  As  to  the  coal  and  ore  supply,  I  prefer  cool  figuring  to 
exulting  declarations.  I  well  remember  the  boasts  of  thousands, 
in  187."^-4-5-6 :  "The  pineries  of  ^lichigan  are  utterly  inexhaus- 
tible!" They  have  not  thought  that  way  in  that  region  for  over 
ten  years. 

On  the  coal  problem,  an  estimate  was  sent  out  in  jM'int  re- 
cently by  a  conservative,  scholarly  scientist.  Seventy-five  years 
from  now.  he  tells  us,  the  coal  beds  of  Europe  will  be  practically 
exhausted.  "What  of  that?  we  have  a  plenty."  Sure  of  that? 
Enough  for  your  time — may  be,  but  is  your  time  or  my  time 
what  we  have  to  live  for?  Our  scientist  tells  us  that  the  world 
is  now  using  about  eight  hundred  million  tons  of  coal  annually. 
Ask  your  coal  man  to  tell  you  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in  a  ton 
of  average  coal,  then  figure  out  the  size  of  the  little  mountain 
of  eight  hundred  million  tons,  and  ask  your  preacher  to  "an- 
nounce" how  long  before  the  coal  trusts  will  notify  the  |)ublic  : 
''Scarcity  in  coal ;  advance  two  dollars  per  ton  over  last  year." 


Photo  202 
Overlooking  the  Ocean,  Newport,  R.  I. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


217 


Photo  203,  A  peaceful  River. 


A\'e  are  in  the  midst  of  the  "Iron  age."  and  ore  is  being  used 
at  a  rate  which  very  few  comprehend.  A  recent  writer  (who 
seemed  moderate  in  expression  and  a  careful  figurer)  said  that 
thirty-five  years  will  make  such  inroads  on  our  "paying"  ore- 
beds  that  the  price  will  be  very  high,  and  that  fifty  years  from 
now  iron  will  be  almost  prohibitive  for  many  purposes  ;  vet  our 
"civilized"  nations  are  digging  out  this  valuable  ore,  construct- 
ing it  into  "battleships."  and  using  hundreds  of  millions  of  tons 
of  coal  in  them,  only  to  blow  them  to  pieces  to  gratify  our  brutal 
instincts.  Remember,  the  coal  and  ores — once  gone — can  never 
be  replaced. 

There  is  but  one  thing  that  can  be  replaced  wdiich  can  be 
used  in  erecting  abodes,  and  also  for  motive  power  and  fuel,  viz; 
The  Forests.  But  in  destroying  the  forests  we  destroy  the  fa- 
cilities for  growing  them  or  any  other  plant  life.  Cutting  away 
the  timber  dries  up  the  streams.  See  Photo  194.  Referring 
again  to  the  American  Forest  Congress  report,  here  is  what  is 
said  bv  Hon.  John  F.  Lacey.  Representative  in  Congress  from 
Iowa:     'T  was  born  in  the  woods  of  A^irginia.     I  moved  to  the 


218 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


prairies,  and  one  of  the  most  unpleasant  things  of  my  subsequent 
Hfe  was  to  return  to  the  woods  of  Virginia  and  find  that  the  old 
streams  and  holes  we  used  to  swim  in  and  where  we  used  to  go 
fishing  are  now  gravelly  roads!  They  are  highways  as  dry  and 
arid  as  the  deserts  of  Arizona  or  New  Mexico.  Why  is  it?  Be- 
cause the  trees  ha\'c  been  cut  down  and  the  springs,  the  children 


Photo  204,  Wild  Grandeur. 


of  the  forests,  dried  up.  Instead  of  a  slow  running  brook,  dig- 
ging out  holes  here  and  there — clear  as  crystal — we  have  simply 
a  torrent  carrying  pebbles  and  sand  from  the  hills,  then  a  desert." 
From  the  same  pamphlet  T  (juote  Mr.  J-  B.  Lippingcott, 
vSujjervising  Engineer,  Reclamation  Service :  "A  striking  ex- 
ample of  the  output  of  a  barren,  treeless,  drainage  basin  is 
shown  in  the  case  of  Queen  Creek,  Arizona.  This  stream  dis- 
charges oidy  in  violent  freshets,  recurring  usually  as  great  flood 
waves,  subsiding  almost  as  rapidly  as  they  arrive.     During  thvj 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


219 


larger  part  of  the  year  the  channel  is  ahnost  dry.  The  area  of 
the  drainage  basin  is  one  hundred  and  forty-three  square  miles. 
In  contrast  with  Queen  Creek  is  Cedar  Creek,  in  Washington. 
The  drainage  area  is  the  same  as  Queen  Creek.  It  is  heavily 
timbered.  In  addition,  the  ground  is  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  ferns  and  moss.  The  total  annual  rainfall  in  Cedar 
Creek  Basm,  in  1896,  was  about  eight  times  that  in  Queen  Creek 
Basin,  yet  the  maximum  flood  discharge  per  second  is  only  three 


Photo   205,   Falling  leaves. 


thousand  six  hundred  cubic  feet  for  the  former,  while  the  maxi- 
mum for  the  latter  was  nine  thousand  cubic  feet  per  second.  The 
mean  discharge  for  Queen  Creek  was  fifteen  cubic  feet  per  sec- 
ond and  for  Cedar  Creek  one  thousand  and  eighty-nine  cubic 
feet  per  second.  These  two  streams  represent  extreme  types. 
The  radical  difiference  in  their  character  is  largely  due  to  forest 
cover." 

The  days  of  despair  to  advocates  of  reforestration  are  pass- 
ing away.  There  were  heard  at  the  Forest  Congress,  President 
Roosevelt;  M.  jusscrand.  Ambassador  from  France;  Hon.  James 


220 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture ;  Congressmen  ;  Rev.  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  Chaplain  of  Senate  ;  Presidents  of  Railroads  ;  Pres- 
idents of  the  great  Lumber  Companies ;  representatives  of 
Women's  Clubs,  and  a  host  of  others,  ^^'hat  appeared  very  en- 
couraging was  a  part  of  the  report  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Richards,  Chief 


i:*:^ 


'^ 


>^:  44^-^ ' 


^i/fflfw-; 


':'4- 


Photo  206 
The  Beauty  of  a  Curve. 


Engineer  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  System.  Said  he: 
"Within  the  last  two  years  we  have  begun  the  planting  of  the 
Yellow  Locust  trees  on  an  extensive  scale  on  property  owned  by 
the  Company."  From  what  I  can  gather,  a  part  of  these  plant- 
ings are  on  the  lands  along  by  the  tracks,  embankments,  nooks 
and  corners  and  stri])s  of  land  such  as  I  saw  planted  to  them 
along  the  Juniata  River,  between  Harrisburg  and  Altoona,  Pa. 
Centlemen,  you  are  going  to  fail  in  such  places.  The  plantings 
that  I  saw  had  received  no  cultivation,  and  long  grass  was  grow- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


221 


ing  among"  them.  It  will  be  bordering  on  the  impossible  to  keep 
the  fire  out  of  the  grass,  and  even  if  you  could,  with  heavy  sod 
on  the  roots,  it  will  be  years  before  they  will  be  anything  but 
gnarly  runts.  Idie  first  thing  for  this  country  to  do  is  to  rec- 
ognize and  then  get  fully  acquainted  with  the  laws  that  govern 
the  growth  of  trees,  as  w'ell  as  of  corn  or  potatoes;  and  the  main 


Photo  207 
View  in  Central  Park,  New  York. 


point  in  these  laws  is  the  production  of  a  heavy  root;  you  get 
the  top  as  a  reward  for  your  work.  You  cannot  produce 
healthy  trees  on  barren  clay,  lifeless  gravel  beds,  starved  lands, 
or  good  land  if  covered  with  heavy  sod. 

There  is  not  going  to  be  a  "wave"  or  "uprising"  among  the 
people  to  go  into  tree  planting  for  obvious  reasons,  among  wdiich 
are  these,  viz ;  There  is  a  great  deal  of  working  farms  "on 
shares."  Who.  that  is  working  ''on  shares."  is  going  to  plant 
trees?  He  would  rather  cut  them  dow^n  ;  his  business  is  to  "skin 
the  land,"  he  is  a  land  robber,  and  the  one  who  rents  to  him  is 


222 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


his  ally.  Then,  the  man  who  is  laboring-  under  a  hea\-v  mort- 
gage, is  he  going  to  plant  when  he  knows  a  "foreclosure"  might 
befall  him  ? 

WHO  WILL  LEAD? 

^^'ithin  another  thousand  years  humanity  would  perish  from 
the  face  of  the  earth — without  reforestration.  There  is  but  one 
people  capable  of  leading  the  way  in  this  movement,  the  people 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  They  will  do  it,  though  the 
steps  will  be  slow  at  first.  It  is  the  only  country  that  has  the 
scope  of  territory,  variety  of  climate  and,  perhaps,  I  may  add, 
the  quality  of  land.  The  marvelous  Eucalyptus  tree  of 
Australia  is  delighted  with  our  mild  climates.  Catalpa  Speciasa, 
formerly  confined  to  the  Wabash  \"alley,  is  at  home  almost  anv- 
where.  Preparatory  to  this  great  reforestry  movement,  (which 
must  come,  for  the  hiuiian  race  can't  exist  without  it),  teach  the 
children;  get  them  to  understand  the  different  kinds  of  trees 
and  the  types  of  each  kind.  Then  have  them  learn  of  the  char- 

acter and  form  of  the  seed,  teach  them  how  to  plant  and  care  for 


Photo  208 
The  use  of  Privet,  Akron,   Ohio. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


223 


these  little  baby  trees,  how  to  transplant  them.  etc.  Thus  in 
ten  years  you  will  have,  or,might  have,  ten  million  children  rais- 
ing plants  for  the  future  forests,  and  in  these  occupations  they 
will  be  in  touch  with  the  most  sacred  influences  known  to  the 
human  heart — in  touch  w^ith  Life  itself. 

The  future  Forests  will  start  in  the  American  school-house 
and  American  home.  Sad,  sad  indeed  !  will  it  be  for  those  who 
have  helped  in  destroying  and  wasting  such  a  Divine  Gift  as  the 
forests!  But  we  learn  from  the  mistakes  of  the  past.  The 
world  will  progress  with  its  civilizing  influences.  I  have  un- 
shaken confidence  in  the  triumph  of  the  good  th.at  is  in  man. 
He  will  learn  the  laws  of  moral  and  religious  life  from  the 
life  that  he  sees  in  the  flower,  shrub  and  tree. 

A  LOST  POWER. 

"What  moves  the  business  world?"  "Monev,"  says  one. 
[Mistake,  sir!  Money  represents  labor  performed.  The  nations 
of  the  old  world  found  America  ripe  for  labor!  Labor  cut  down 
the  trees,  and  with  them  built  houses,  fenced  farms,  made  fuel, 


Photo  209,  Sunshine  and  Shadows. 


224  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


Photo  210 
"Oh,  beautiful   Fall,  with   Bloom  for   All." 

constructed  railroads,  reared  towns,  villages  and  cities,  and  built 
ships  to  sail  the  great  rivers,  lakes  and  oceans.  The  object  in 
constructing  the  great  trunk  steam  railroads  of  the  country  was 
wdiat?  To  develop  the  country.  The  main  lines  are  completed, 
and  the  electric  roads  are  now  in  "the  boom"  of  construction. 
Fifty  years,  (possibly  twenty-five)  will  substantially  complete 
these.  How  is  this  going  to  aiTect  industrial  America?  WHiat 
is  back  of  the  "prosperity"  of  to-day?  Demand  for  iron  and 
steel  in,  first,  railroading;  second,  the  building  of  cities.  What 
necessitates  the  "city?"  The  bringing  together  of  vast  numbers 
of  people  to  smelt  the  ore,  "roll"  it  out  for  use,  etc. 

My  American-born  friend,  have  you  ponderetl  on  what  is 
coming?  "Oh,  something  will  turn  up  !"  Yes,  it  will ;  with  forests 
gone,  and  worn-out  lands  on  hand,  national  poverty  will  "turn 
up,"  and  stare  you  in  the  face,  if  you  don't  help  to  avert  the  ca- 
lamity. There  will  continue  to  be  inventions,  but  after  the  rail- 
roads are  completed,  and  the  great  "boom"  (caused  by  the  de- 
mand for  iron  and  steel)  ceases,  what  are  the  teeming  millions 
going  to  do  that  have  drifted  to  the  cities  to  obtain  the  high  wages 
paid  during  this  period  of  prosperity?  Go  back  to  the  land  to 
"raise  their  own  living."     Railroad  traffic  will  decrease   in  pro- 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


225 


Photo  211 
Gathering  wild  Flowers,  bank  of  Allegheny  River. 

portion.  If  we  had  the  old  forests  to  draw  iroiu  we  might  keep 
up  railroad  traffic  by  the  shipping  and  exporting  of  lumber;  but 
inasmuch  as  the  great  power  that  moved  the  nation  (the  forests) 
is  gone,  there  is  but  one  thing  to  do  to  perpetuate  that  power, 


Photo  212 

'When  the  Apple  Trees  Shall  Bloom." 


15 


226 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


viz  ;  replanting  and  growing  of  new  forests  on  scientific  princi- 
ples by  individual,  state  and  national  enterprises.  America  must 
lead  the  world  in  this  great  international  industry. 

TWENTY  FORMULAS  FOR  DESTROYING 
INSECTS,  ETC. 

There  was  a  constant  call  coming  in  for  formulas  for  the 
destruction  of  insects,  "scale,"  fungous  growth  and  the  like,  after 
the  old  "Tree  Doctor"  went  before  the  public.  It  contained  but 
few  directions  on  these  points,  as  it  was  supposed  that  about  all 


Photo  213 

Where  the  Snow  is  Beautiful. 


interested  procured  the  various  Bulletins  issued  by  the  State 
Experiment  Stations  or  the  U.  S.  Agricultural  Department,  but 
it  seems  that  a  host  of  people  do  not  possess  these  or.  being  in 
pamphlet  form,  they  are  easily  mislaid.  Therefore  I  take  one 
of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station's  Bulletins  and  annex  it  in  full. 
I  do  this  for  two  reasons:  First.— Tt  is  as  reliable  as  can  be 
given,  as  this  State  has  a  splendid  "Station,"  well  equipped, 
managed  by  as  capable  and  faithful  workers  as  can  be  found  in 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR 


227 


any  institution  of  the  kind  in  any  other  State.  Second. — Giving 
that  which  is  reliable  shields  from  the  humbugs  that  are  abroad 
in  the  land.  I  frequently  get  letters  announcing  that  the  writer 
has  discovered  some  wonderful  remedy  for  "plant  lice,"  or  some- 
thing else,  and  suggesting  that  "there  is  money  in  the  sale  of 
it,"  and  that  he  would  be  glad  if  I  would  introduce  it,  etc.  (lib- 
eral commissions  of  course  ofifered).  \\'ith  the  highest  apprecia- 
tion of  the  work  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station,  I  give  you  its 
formulas,  and  suggest  that  you  heed  all  "cautions"  given  in  the 
application  thereof.  They  are  found  on  the  following  pages; 
"Spray  Calendars" — and  all. 


CALENDAR  FOR  TREATMENT  OF  PLANT  DISEASES 
AND  INSECT  PESTS. 

Prepared  by  W.  J.  Green  and  A.  D.  Selby. 

This  calendar  for  the  treatment  of  diseased  conditions  in 
plants  is  designed  to  cover  the  needs  of  farmers  and  horticultur- 
ists. It  was  first  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Ohio  Horticul- 
tural Society.  Fungicides  and  insecticides  may  often  be  com- 
bined in  spraying,  and,  where  Bordeaux  mixture  is  used  for 
fungous  diseases,  this  practice  is  recommended.  Spraying  young 
orchards  with  Bordeaux  mixture  from  time  of  planting,  and  of 
stocks  in  nursery  row,  is  strongly  recommended  to  preserve 
healthy  conditions. 


REMEDIES. 
FUNGICIDES. 

1  Bordeaux  Mixture  I. 

Copper  Sulfate  (blue  vitriol)  4  pounds. 
Quicklime  (not  air  slaked)  4  pounds. 
(Ordinary  air  slaked  lime  or  hydrate  of  lime  one-fourth  more.) 
Water  to  make  50  gallons. 

Dissolve  the  copper  sulfate  in  about  two  gallons  of  hot 
water,  contained  in  a  wooden  vessel,  by  stirring,  or  even  better 
by  suspending  the  sulfate,  contained  in  a  cheese  cloth  sack,  in  a 
large  bucketful  of  cold  water.  With  the  cold  water  and  cheese 
cloth  bag  a  longer  time  is  required.  Pour  the  sulfate  solution 
into  the  barrel  or  tank  used  for  spraying,  and  fill  one-third  to 
one-half  full  of  water.  Slake  the  lime  by  addition  of  a  small 
quantity  of  water,  and  when  slaked  cover  freely  with  water  and 
stir.     Pour  the  milk  of  lime  thus  made  into  the  copper  sulfate, 

(228) 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  220 

straining  it  throui;h  a  brass  wire  strainer  of  al)()ut  ."^O  meshes  to 
the  inch.  I 'our  more  water  over  the  remaining  Hme,  stir  and 
pour  into  the  otlier  ;  repeat  tliis  operation  until  all  the  lime  but 
stone  lumps  or  sand  is  taken  up  in  the  milk  of  lime.  Now  add 
water  to  make  50  gallons  in  the  tank.  After  thorough  agitation 
the  mixture  is  ready  to  apply.  The  mixture  must  be  made  fresh 
before  using,  and  any  left  over  for  a  time  should  be  thrown  out. 

2  Bordeaux  Mixture  II. 

Copper  sulfate,  2  pounds. 
Quicklime,  2  pounds. 
(Or  dry  air  slaked  or  hydrate  of  lime  one-fourth  more.) 

Water  to  make  50  gallons. 
For    use    on    such    trees    as    have    foliage    injured    by    Bor- 
deaux I. 

Stock  solution  and  lime  putty. 

A  solution  of  copper  sulfate,  containing  say  one  pound  of 
sulfate  to  the  gallon  of  water,  may  be  made  up  and  permitted  to 
stand  indefinitely  in  a  covered  barrel  if  no  lime  is  added.  Such 
a  solution  is  known  as  a  stock  solution  and  two  or  four  gallons 
of  this  stock  solution,  according  to  the  strength  desired,  is  taken 
for  each  50  gallons  of  the  mixture  to  be  made.  For  extensive 
spraying,  a  long  trough  or  box  of  uniform  width  may  be  used, 
in  which  to  slake  and  keep  the  lime.  The  quicklime  is  weighed 
out  according  to  the  amount  needed,  immediately  placed  in  the 
trough  and  slaked  with  a  small  quantity  of  water.  The  whole 
is  evenly  spread  and  covered  as  a  putty  with  water  to  exclude 
the  air.  This  putty  may  be  removed  in  calculated  portions, 
placed  in  a  tub  and  treated  like  the  freshly  slaked  lime.  By 
means  of  stock  solution  of  copper  sulfate  and  the  lime  in  putty 
state,  much  valuable  time  is  saved  in  filling  the  barrels  or  tanks 
used  in  spraying. 

3  Ammoniacal  Solution  of  Copper  Carbonate. 

Copper    carbonate,    6    ounces. 
Ammonia,  about  3  pints. 
Water.  50  gallons. 
Dissolve  the  copper  carbonate  in  the  ammonia  and  add  the 
water. 


230  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

Caution — Use  no  more  ammonia  than  is  required  to  dissolve 
the  cojiper  carbonate.  Ammonia  is  variable  in  strength,  and  the 
amount  required  must  be  tested  in  practice. 

To  make  copper  carbonate :  Dissolve  ten  pounds  copper 
sulfate  (blue  vitriol)  in  ten  gallons  of  water,  also  twelve  pounds 
of  carbonate  of  soda  in  same  quantity  of  water.  When  cool, 
mix  the  two  solutions  slowly,  stirring  well.  Allow  the  mixture 
to  stand  twelve  hours  and  settle,  after  which  pour  off  the  liquid. 
Add  the  same  quantity  of  water  as  before,  stir  and  allow  to 
stand  the  same  length  of  time.  Repeat  the  operation  again, 
after  wliich  drain  and  dry  the  blue  powder  which  is  copper 
carbonate. 

4  Soda  Bordeaux  Mixture, 

Copper  sulfate,  4  pounds. 

Commercial  caustic  soda,  soda  lye,   (sodium 
hydroxid)    slightly   in  excess  so  that   mix- 
ture   is    alkaline — according    to    strength, 
1  lb.  5  oz.  to  1  lb.  8  oz.  by  testing. 
Water  to  make  50  gallons. 
To  use  instead  of  ammoniacal  copper  carbonate. 
Warning — In  each  case  of  change  of  grade  or  brand  of  com- 
mercial caustic  soda  it  will  be  necessary    to    test    the    strength. 
Keep  the  mixture  well  agitated. 

To  keep  caustic  soda — After  opening  a  container  and  test- 
ing, weigh  out  the  entire  contents  into  portions  such  as  are 
needed  to  make  a  single  spray  tank  of  mixture;  put  in  Mason 
jars  under  shelter,  cover  with  a  pint  or  so  of  water,  and  this 
portion  is  ready  to  be  used  as  needed.  Opened  packages  of 
caustic  soda  will  absorb  water  and  increase  in  weight  on  stand- 
ing ;  unopened  packages  will  usually  keep  for  a  year  or  more. 

5  Potash  Bordeaux  Mixture. 

Copper  sulfate,  4  pounds. 

Caustic  potash,  potash  lye,  (potassium  hy- 
droxid) 1  lb.  5  oz.  to  nearly  1  lb.  8  oz.  as 
necessary  for  slight  excess.  (See  soda 
Bordeaux.) 

Water  to  make  50  grallons. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  231 

For  use  like  soda  Bordeaux  mixture  instead  of  amnioniacal 
copper  carbonate. 

Caution — Prepare  like  soda  Bordeaux,  only  after  test  of  the 
strength  of  the  caustic  potash. 

6  Copper  Sulfate  Solution. 

Copper  sulfate,  4  pounds. 

Water  to  make  50  gallons. 
Dissolve  the  sulfate  as  directed  in  Bordeaux  I. 
Caution — The  solution  will  injure  foliage.     It  can  be  used 
only  before  the  buds  open. 

7  Potassium  Sulfid  Solution. 

Potassium  sulfid  (liver  of  sulfur)  1  ounce. 
Water,  3  to  4  gallons. 
This  solution   will   not   remain   unchanged.     The  potassium 
sulfid  must  be  kept  in  a  well    stoppered    bottle.     This    may    be 
made  by  a  similar  process  to  that  of  No.  8. 

8  Sodium  Sulfid  Solution. 

Commercial  caustic  soda,  2^/4  lbs. 

Flowers  of  sulfur,  5  lbs. 

After  solution,  water  to  make  50  gallons. 
To  make  sodium  sulfid  at  lowest  cost :  Place  the  caustic 
soda  in  a  metal  vessel  and  add  a  little  hot  water.  Then  stir  in 
sulfur  gradually,  adding  meanwhile  hot  water  or  applying  heat. 
The  chemical  reaction  will  generate  heat.  With  its  progress 
the  color  will  change  from  yellow  to  nearly  brick  red.  No  heat 
is  required  after  complete  solution  unless  lime  be  added.  Don't 
add  excess  of  w^ater  until  the  solution  is  effected.  It  may  be 
made  in  quantity  with  external  heat  and  kept  during  a  day  as 
stock  solution.  Excess  of  lime  may  be  added  with  double  or 
triple  portion  of  sulfur  to  make  the  possible  equivalent  of  lime, 
sulfur  and  salt  solution. 

Caution — This  solution   is  prepared  for  application  on   dor- 
mant trees.     Care  must  be  observed. 

Upon  foliage,  as    of   peach,   a    strength    greater    than    1    lb. 
caustic  soda  to  2  lbs.  sulfur  is  not  to  be  recommended. 


232  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

To  make  sodium  sulfid  for  treating  seed  potatoes,  use  at  the 
rate  of  1  lb.  caustic  soda  to  10  oz.  sulfur  for  36  gallous  of  so- 
lution. 

9  Calcium  Sulfid   (Lime  Sulfid). 

Quicklinic,   1  to  li  pounds. 
(Or  dry  air  slaked  lime  or  hydrate  of  lime,  one-fourth  more.) 
Flowers  of  sulfur,  the  same  amount. 
Water,  50  gallons. 

Proceed  as  directed  for  first  steps  in  uiaking  lime,  sulfur 
and  salt  mixture.  Heat  till  the  color  has  become  red,  showing 
the  formation  of  the  lime  sulfids.  This  will  require  an  hour  or 
more.  Dilution  while  warm  is  to  be  preferred,  but  the  solution 
should  cool  somewhat  before  applying  on  foliage. 

Caution — Wliile  this  may  be  used  on  the  peach  in  foliage, 
and  upon  other  fruits,  care  should  always  be  exercised  in  the 
preparation  to  avoid  injury  to  the  foliage  from  the  application. 

10  Formalin. 

For  oats  and  wheat,  1  lb.  formalin  to  50  gallons  of  water. 

I"or  potato  scab  and  rosette,  ^  pint  of  formalin  to  15  gal- 
lons water. 

F"or  onion  smut,  1  lb.  of  formalin  to  25  or  'SSy^  gallons  of 
water. 


INSECTICIDES. 

H  Kerosene  Emulsion. 

Dissolve  one-half  pound  hard  soap  in  one  gallon  of  Avater 
(preferably  soft  water)  and  while  still  boiling  hot,  remove  from 
the  fire  and  add  two  gallons  of  kerosene.  Stir  the  mixture  vio- 
lently by  driving  it  through  a  force  pump  back  iuto  the  vessel 
until  it  becomes  a  creamy  mass  that  will  ntit  separate.  This  re- 
(|uires  usuallv  from  five  to  ten  minutes.  Tlie  emulsion  is  then 
ready  to  be  diluted  with  water  and  applied.  I'or  the  common 
scale  insects  and  hard  bodied  insects,  like  the  chinch  bug,  use  one 
part  emulsion  to  eight  to  ten  parts  of  water.     For  soft  bodied 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  233 

insects    (plant    lice,  etc.),  use    one    part    emulsion    to    fifteen    or 
twenty  parts  water. 

Kerosene  emulsion  kills  by  contact,  and  therefore  the  appli- 
cation should  be  very  thorough.  It  may  be  used  against  a  great 
many  dififerent  pests,  but  is  especially  valuable  for  destroying 
those  with  sucking  mouth-parts,  for  they  cannot  be  killed  with 
arsenical  poisons. 

Caution — Only  the  dilute  emulsion,  1  part  emulsion  to  15  or 
20  of  water,  should  be  used  when  the  trees  are  in  leaf,  and  in  all 
cases  it  should  be  kept  thoroughly  stirred;  otherwise  the  foliage 
or  even  the  twigs  will  be  injured. 

12  Paris  Green. 

In  combination  with  Bordeaux  mixture,  Paris  Green  may 
be  used  at  the  rate  of  one  pound  to  175  to  200  gallons. 

When  Bordeaux  mixture  is  unnecessary,  the  Paris  Green 
may  be  used  at  the  same  rate,  but  two  or  three  pounds  of  freshly 
slaked  lime  must  be  added  to  prevent  burning  of  foliage.  Keep 
the  mixture  well  stirred  so  that  the  poison  will  be  distributed 
evenly. 

In  cases  where  successive  sprayings  are  necessary  it  is  im- 
portant to  consider  the  accumulation  of  the  poison  and  use  a 
slightly  weaker  mixture,  unless  sufificient  rain  has  fallen  to  wash 
off  the  poison  thoroughly. 

13  Arsenate  of  Lead. 

Arsenate  of   soda,  4  ounces. 

Acetate  of  lead,  11  ounces. 

Water,  16  gallons. 
Dissolve  each  separately  in  two  quarts  of  warm  water ;  mix 
and  add  water  to  make  sixteen  gallons.  Arsenate  of  lead  can 
be  purchased  from  Swift  Bros.  Insecticide  Co.,  Boston,  Mass., 
or  under  the  name  of  Disparene  from  Bowker  Insecticide  Co., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  It  should  be  used  at  the  rate  of  three  pounds 
to  fifty  gallons  of  water.  It  is  perhaps  the  best  of  the  arsenical 
poisons  in  adhering  qualities.  This  material  may  be  used  alone 
or  in  Bordeaux  mixture. 


234  THE  TREE  DOCTOR 

14  London  Purple. 

If  desirable,  London  purple  may  be  substituted  for  Paris 
green,  but  it  has  the  disadvantage  of  being  somewhat  variable 
in  composition  and  containing  more  soluble  acid.  For  the  latter 
reason  use  it  somewhat  weaker,  or  else  with  an  abundance  of 
lime,  so  as  to  prevent  burning  of  foliage,  or  in  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture. It  has  the  advantage  of  not  settling  as  readily  as  Paris 
green. 

15  White  Hellebore. 

Hellebore  is  often  employed  in  cases  where  arsenical  poisons 
would  be  objectionable.  Use  one  ounce  to  three  gallons  of 
water. 


16  Pyrethrum. 

Pyrethrum  is  usualh'  applied  as  a  powder,  with  a  bellows, 
but  may  be  used  as  a  spray  at  the  rate  of  one  ounce  to  two  gal- 
lons of  water. 


17  Whale  Oil  Soap  Solution. 

L^se  from  one  to  two  pounds  of  the  soap  to  one  gallon  of 
water.  Be  sure  that  the  soap  is  thoroughly  dissolved,  and  then 
apply  in  the  form  of  spray. 

18  Arsenite  of  Soda. 

Dissolve  two  pounds  of  commercial  white  arsenic  and  four 
pounds  of  carbonate  of  soda  (washing  soda)  in  two  gallons  of 
water  and  use  one  and  one-half  pint  to  a  barrel  of  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture (50  gallons). 

The  easiest  way  to  make  the  solution  is  to  put  both  the 
white  arsenic  and  carbonate  of  soda  in  a  gallon  of  boiling  water 
and  keep  boiling  about  fifteen  minutes,  or  until  a  clear  liquid  is 
formed,  and  then  dilute  to  two  gallons. 

Caution — This  cannot  be  used  alone  safely,  but  nmst  be  ap- 
plied in  Bordeaux  mixture. 


THE  TREE  DOCTOR  235 

19  Crude  Petroleum. 

Caution — Use  a  fine  nozzle  and  exercise  great  care  to  avoid 
overspraying.  It  requires  a  careful  workman  to  spray  peach 
trees  with  crude  petroleum,  as  too  much  of  the  material,  es- 
pecially on  the  bodies  of  the  trees,  is  likely  to  do  harm.  Lime- 
sulfur-salt  is  quite  as  efficacious  and  safer  to  use  than  crude  pe- 
troleum. 

20  Lime,  Sulfur  and  Salt. 

Stone  lime,  15  to  30  lbs. 
(Or  dry  air  slaked  lime  or  hydrate  of  lime  one-fourth  more). 
Flowers  of  sulfur,  15  lbs. 
Salt.  15  lbs. 
Water.  50  gallons. 

Slake  the  lime  in  a  small  quantity  of  hot  water,  gradually 
adding  and  thoroughly  stirring  in  the  sulfur.  Dilute  mixture 
with  twelve  gallons  of  water  and  boil  in  an  iron  kettle  or  cook 
by  steam  in  a  covered  tank  or  barrel  for  one  and  one-half  hour. 
Then  add  salt,  continuing  the  boiling  for  one-half  hour  more. 
Fill  vessel  up  with  water  to  the  required  fifty  gallons.  Strain 
the  wash  through  a  fine  mesh  strainer  and  apply  hot.  In  using 
an  iron  kettle  keep  the  mi.xture  vigorously  boiling  and  thor- 
oughly stirred  to  prevent  caking  and  burning  of  materials. 
A\'ash  cooked  by  steam  is  more  easily  prepared  and  better  made. 
Apply  the  wash  just  as  the  buds  begin  to  swell  in  the  spring. 
Cover  all  parts  of  the  tree  with  a  heavy  coat  of  the  wash.  The 
wash  seems  best  adapted  to  orchardists  who  have  not  yet  learned 
to  use  petroleum  with  safety  or  are  afraid  that  their  trees  are  be- 
ginning to  show  injury  from  the  oil  or  will  not  stand  many  more 
applications  of  it.  It  is  especially  recommended  for  the  treat- 
ment of  peach  trees  for  San  Jose  Scale. 

It  is  believed  that  the  substitution  for  the  salt  of  one  and  one- 
fourth  pound  of  blue  vitriol  dissolved  in  hot  water  results  in  a 
quicker  acting  wash.  This  formula  is  known  as  the  Oregon 
Wash. 


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